册的同时,要将商标公布于官方报纸,以便能够听到各种不同的相反意见。商标一经正式注册,便可连续使用十年。而且只要该商标仍在继续使用,就可以每十年再次重新注册。商标拥有者一旦获得联邦正式注册,便可在自己的商标旁注上®符号。
任何人使用与注册商标类似的标记,并由此可能会混淆顾客识别力的做法叫做侵权,会受到州法院或联邦法院的起诉。法院在确定是否有侵权行为时,要对相关商标从声音、外形、以及意义等方面进行比较,还要比较其商品及服务的相似性。
其它相关因素还包括有争议的双方的商品是否通过类似的销售渠道售给类似的顾客,以及商标的知名度等。商标侵权不同于专利侵权或版权侵权。商标侵权的唯一界定标准是看它是否可能会混淆顾客的识别力。在法院判定某商标侵权之后,通常最好的处置办法是责令停止使用该侵权商标。
II. A trademark is often a valuable property of a seller or manufacturer, because it is the symbol of the company's goodwill and of its products and services. Thus, a trademark can be sold or assigned when a company and its assets are sold. It can also be licensed to others to use as long as quality control provisions are in effect. Most fast-food outlets, such as Kentucky Fried Chicken, or other franchised businesses are licensed to use the trademark of the parent company.
I.版权是一种合法权力,旨在保护创造性作品在未得到允许的情况下不得加以复制、演出、展出或传播。版权拥有者具有这样一些专有权:复制版权受保护的作品;根据版权保护的作品制作其他作品将保护作品的拷贝出售、出租或借给公众使用在公众场合演出以及公开展出版权受保护的作品。版权拥有者的以上种种基本专有权也有例外的情况,这往往要根据作品的种类以及他人怎样使用作品而定。
版权法中“作品”一词指的是以固定形式存在于有形媒介的原作者的创作物。这样,能受版权保护的作品就包括文学作品、音乐作品、戏剧选集、舞蹈、照片、绘画、雕刻、图形、广播、地图、电影、电台和电视节目、录音以及计算机软件程序等。
版权不保护某种想法或概念,只对作者表达想法或概念的方法加以保护。例如,要是某科学家发表了一篇文章,阐述生产某种药品的新的制作过程,那么版权可以阻止他人抄袭该文章,但不能制止任何人用上述过程配备药品。要想保护上述制作过程,该科学家就必须获得专利。
II.Copyright is an intangible form of property. What is owned, as the word suggests, is a right. This right has two aspects-the right to copy and the right to control copying. Copyright is a legal protection extended to those who produce creative works. Originally only for books, copyright now extends to magazines, newspapers, maps, plays, motion pictures, television programs, computer program software, paintings, photographs, sculpture, musical compositions, choreographed dances, and similar works. Essentially a copyright protects an intellectual or artistic property.
This type of property is unusual because it is normally intended for public use or enjoyment. If an individual buys a copyrighted book, it belongs to him as an object. But making copies of it to sell or give away is illegal. This right belongs to the publisher,author, or whoever holds
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