电力需求与定价(4)

the greater the costs consumers impose on the system.

The structuring of LRMC-based tariffs also meets subcategories

a) and b) of the second, or fairness, objective mentioned

earlier. The economic resource costs of future consumption

are allocated as far as possible among the customers

according to the incremental costs they impose on the power

system. In the traditional approach, fairness was often defined

rather narrowly and led to the allocation of arbitrary accounting

costs to various rating periods and consumers thus violating

the economic efficiency criterion. Because the LRMC method

deals with future costso ver a long period-for example, atl east

5 to 10 years-the resulting prices in constant terms tend to be

quite stable over time. This smoothing out of costs over a long

period is especially important given capital indivisibilities or

“lumpiness” of power system investments.

Using economic opportunity costs (or shadow pricesespecially

for capital, labor, and fuel) instead of purely financial

costs, and taking externalities into consideration whenever

possible also link the LRMC method and efficient resource

allocation.

The development of LRMC-based tariff structures which also

meet the other objectives of pricing policy mentioned earlier,

are discussed next.

C. Practical Tariff Setting

The first stage of the LRMC approach is the calculation of

pure or strict LRMC that reflect the economic efficiency criterion.

If price was set strictly equal to LRMC, consumers

could indicate their willingness to pay for more consumption,

thus signaling the justification of further investment to expand

capacity.

In the second stage of tariff setting, ways are sought in

which the strict LRMC may be adjusted to meet the other objectives,

among which the financial requirement is most important.

If prices were set equal to strict LRMC, it is likely

that there will be a financial surplus. This is because marginal

costs tend to be higher than average costs when the unit costs

of supply are increasing. In principle, financial surpluses of

the utility may be taxed away by the state, but in practice the

use of power pricing as a tool for raising central government

revenues is usually politically unpopular and rarely applied.

Such surplus revenues can also be utilized in a way that is consistent

with the other objectives. For example, the connection

charges can be subsidized without violating the LRMC price,

or low-income consumers could be provided with a subsidized

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