电力需求与定价

332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 69, NO. 3, MARCH 1981

Principles of Modern Electricity Pricing MOHAN MWASINGHE, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE

Ahfruct-This paper presents a f.ramework for electric power pricing,

reviews the basic theory of marginal cost pricing applicable to the

power sector, and summarizes recent developments. The adaptation of

the theory for practical application in relation to the objectives of

power pricing policy results in a two stage procedure for tariff setting.

First, the detailed structure of the strict long-mn marginal costs

(LRMC) of supply which meet the economic efficiency criterion are

computed. Second, the strict LRMC is adjusted to arrive at an appre

priate realistic taxiff schedule which satisfies other constraints, induding

economic second best and social lifeline rate considerations,

hnancial needs, simplicity of metering and billing, etc. The results ob

tained through past applications of modem pricing structures intemationally

are reviewed, and the U.S. situation is discussed with respect to

the Public Utility RegulatorPy dicies Act (PURPA) of 1978.

M I. INTRODUCTIONA ND OVERVIEW

ODERN societies have become increasingly dependent

on various types of energy sources, among which electric

power has occupied a dominant position. Traditionally,

electric power pricing policy in most countries has

been determined mainly on the basis of financial or accounting

criteria, e.g., raising sufficient sales revenues to meet operating

expenses and debt service requirements while providing a reasonable

contribution towards the capital required for future

power system expansion.

However, in recent times several new factors have arisen,

including the rapid growth of demand, the increase in fuel oil

prices and prices of fossil fuel and nuclear plant, the dwindling

availability of cheaply exploitable hydroelectric resources, and

the expansion of power systems into areas of lower consumer

density at relatively high unit costs. These developments have

led to increasing emphasis being laid on the use of economic

principles in order to produce and consume electric power

efficiently, while conserving scarce resources, and meeting

various national objectives. In particular, a great deal of

attention has been paid to the use of marginal cost pricing

policies in the electric power sector. We note that price is an

effective “soft” technique of demand management especially

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