电力需求与定价(2)

in the long run. The effects of pricing policy are also greatly

enhanced by coordinating it properly with other “soft” demand

management tools such as financial/tax incentives, and

“hard” demand management techniques including load control,

etc., that are more useful in the short run.

The objectives of power tariff policy in the national context,

and a pricing framework based on long-run marginal costs

(LRMC) which meets these requirements, are summarized in

this section. In Section 11, the economic principles underlying

the LRMC approach are described, and in Section 111, a framework

for calculating strict LRhfC is presented. The process

of adjusting LRMC to devise a practical tariff structure which

Manuscript received January 4, 1980;revised October 22, 1980.

The author is with the Energy Department, The World Bank, Wash-

The opinions expressed in this paper are the author s, and not necesington,

DC 20433.

sarily the views of the World Bank or its affiliated organizations.

meets other national constraints is discussed in Section IV.

Section V contains a review of recent results of modem pricing

structures in several countries and a discussion of the

implications of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act

(PURPA) of 1978 in the U.S., and this is followed by a technical

appendix.

A. Requirements of a Power Tariff

The modem approach to power pricing recognizes the existence

of several objectives or criteria, not all of which are mutually

consistent. First, national economic resources must be

allocated efficiently, not only among different sectors of the

economy, but within the electric power sector. This implies

that cost-reflecting prices must be used to indicate to the electricity

consumers the true economic costs of supplying their

specific needs, so that supply and demand can be matched

efficiently.

Second, certain principles relating to fairness and equity

must be satisfied, including: a) the fair allocation of costs

among consumers according to the burdens they impose on

the system; b) the assurance of a reasonable degree of price

stability and avoidance of large price fluctuations from year to

year; and c) the provision of a minimum level of service to

persons who may not be able to afford the full cost.

Third, the power prices should raise sufficient revenues to

meet the financial requirements of the utility, as described

earlier. Fourth, the power tariff structure must be simple

enough to facilitate the metering and billing of customers.

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