电力需求与定价(3)

Fifth, and finally, other economic and political requirements

must also be considered. These might include, for example,

subsidized electricity supply to certain sectors in order to

enhance growth or to certain geographic areas for regional

development.

Since the above criteria are often in confiict with one another,

it is necessary to accept certain tradeoffs between them.

The LRMC approach to price setting described below has both

the analytical rigor and inherent flexibility to provide a tariff

structure that is responsive to these basic objectives.

B. LRMC-Based Tariffs

A tariff based on LRhiC is consistent with the first objective,

that is, the efficient allocation of resources. The traditional

accounting approach is concerned with the recovery of historical

or sunk costs, while in the LRMC calculation the important

consideration is the amount of future resources used or

saved by consumer decisions. Since electricity prices are the

amounts paid for increments of consumption, in general they

should reflect the incremental cost incurred. Supply costs increase

if existing consumers increase their demand or if new

consumers are connected to the system. Therefore, prices that

act as a signal to consumers should be related to the economic

value of future resources required to meet consumption

0018-9219/81/0300-0332$00.7O5 1981 IEEE

ELECTRICITY PRICING 333

changes. The accounting approach that uses historical assets

and embedded costs implies that future economic resources

will be as cheap or as expensive as in the past. This could lead

to overinvestment and waste, or underinvestment and the additional

costs of unnecessary scarcity.

To promote better utilization of capacity, and to avoid unnecessary

investments to meet peak demands, which tend to

grow very rapidly, the LRMC approach permits the structuring

of prices so that they vary according to the marginal costs of

serving demands: a) by different consumer categories; b) in

different seasons; c) at different hours of the day; d) by different

voltage levels; e) in different geographical areas; and

so on.

In particular, with an appropriate choice of the peak period,

structuring the LRMC-based tariffs by time of day generally

leads to the conclusion that peak consumeis should pay both

capacity and energy costs, whereas offpeak consumers should

pay only the energy costs. Similarly, analysis of LRMC by

voltage level usually indicates that the lower the service voltage,

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