电力需求与定价(19)

the magnitude and structure of strict LRMC. Changes in tariff

structure at this stage will be based mainly on sociopolitical

factors, e.g., differentiation by type of consumer (residential,

commercial, industrial and so on), or by income level (low-,

middle-, and high-income residential). Practical considerations

such as the difficulties of metering and billing will also affect

the fiial tariff structure.

The constraints which necessitate deviations in the final

tariffs relative to strict LRMC fall into two categories [ 301.

The first group consists of distortions which may be analyzed

basically within an economic framework, i.e., second best considerations

and subsidized (or lifeline) tariffs for low income

consumers. In these cases, it is possible to quantify the extent

of the deviation from strict LRMC by using an appropriate

pricing model and explicit system of shadow prices instead of

market prices. Strict (shadow-priced) LRMC also deviates

from the market-priced LRMC, and this is done to correct for

distortions in the economy. Therefore, the constraints which

force further departures from strict LRMC (in the second stage

of the tariff setting procedure) may also be considered consequently

as distortions which impose their own shadow values

on the calculation. The second group includes all other con340

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 69, NO. 3, MARCH 1981

siderations such as financial viability, sociopolitical constraints

and problems of metering and billing where strict economic

analysis is difficult to apply. These two groups of constraints

may be interrelated, e.g., subsidized tariffs can simultaneously

have economic welfare, financial and sociopolitical implications.

A. Second-Best Considerations

Where prices elsewhere in the economy, especially of substitutes

and complements for electric power, do not reflect

marginal costs, a “second best” departure from a strict marginal

cost pricing policy for electricity services may be required.

More generally, price distortions affecting inputs into

the production of electric power and outputs of other sectors

which are electricity intensive (e&, aluminum) should also be

considered. The former type of distortion may be dealt with

by direct shadow pricing of inputs as discussed earlier, but the

latter case (although quite rare) requires more detailed analysis

of the market for the output. As an example of price distortion

for an energy substitute, consider the subsidies for imported

generators and/or diesel fuel, which exist in some

countries. This may make it advantageous for users to set up

their own captive plant, even though to the economy as a

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