1、if从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，与现在事实相反。主从句时态具体如下：
从句：动词用过去式（be用were）
主句：would/could/should/might+动词原形
If I were you,I would join them. 与现在事实相反：“我不可能是你”
She would come with you if you invited her. 与现在事实相反：说明 “没有邀请”已经发生。
虚拟语气：是在事实发生后，做出的与事实相反的假设。 She will come with you if you invite her. 单纯假设：说明“邀请”还未发生
2、练习：
If I knew (know) his telephone number, I would tell (tell) you.
If I had (have) any money with me, I would lend (lend) you some.
If I were (be) you, I would take(take) an umbrella.
第四十四讲 假设（3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气 1、if从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，和过去事实相反。 主从句的时态具体如下： 从句：had done
主句：would/could/should/might+ have done
If I had got there earlier, I should have met her. If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
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2、练习：
If he had studied (study) harder, he might have passed the exam.
If there had been (be) a heavy snow, we should not have gone (not go)skating.
If I had got (get) there earlier, I would have met (meet) her.
第四十五讲 假设（4）
wish（愿望、希望）/as if（看上去） +过去时/过去完成时/ would/should/could+动词原形
1、wish后面的从句，译为：“希望??就好了”，是不可能实现的假设。
a.与现在事实相反的愿望
I wish I were as tall as you.
I wish+一般过去时
现在许的愿，且与现在的事实相反（事实已发生） b.与过去事实相反的愿望
He wished he hadn’t said that.
I wished+过去完成时
过去许的愿，且与过去的事实相反（事实已发生） c.将来不大可能实现的愿望
I wish it would rain tomorrow.
I wish+ would/should/could+动词原形
现在许的愿，且将来不大可能实现（事实尚未发生）
小结：wish后面的从句：与现在事实相反则用一般过去时，与过去事实相反则用过去完成时，将来不大可能实现的愿望则用“would/should/could+动词原形”。wish主句则根据许愿的时间分别用一般现在时或一般过去时。
2、as if，翻译为“看起来好像??”
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a.从句表示与现在事实相反，用一般过去时
You look as if you didn’t care. 你看起来一点也不在乎。（实际在乎的） b.从句表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. 他谈论罗马好像他以前去过。（实际没去过）
c.从句表示将来不大可能发生，用“would/should/could+动词原形”
He opened his mouth as if he would say something. 他张开嘴好像要说点什么（说的可能性很小）
3、练习：
I wish I were (be) as tall as you.
He talks as if he knew (know) where she was. I wish it would rain (rain) tomorrow.
第四十六讲 定语从句（关系代词）which,that,who,whom,whose
定语从句：修饰或限定一个名词或代词的从句，被修饰的名词叫先行词。定语从句由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
1、关系代词：在从句中做一定的成分，代替先行词，起到连接先行词和从句的作用。
常用关系代词：which,that,who,whom,whose，只起连接作用，无实义，不用翻译。
如：The girl whom/that I spoke to is my cousin.
a.先行词是人的话用that,who,whom,whose来引导定语从句。 “whom”在从句中作宾语
“who”和“that”在从句中可作主语和宾语
They are the people that/who were seen yesterday. 昨天那些人被看见了 （在从句中作主语）
They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday. 他们是昨天我看见的那些人 （在从句中作宾语）
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They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday. 他们是昨天丢失钱包的那些人 （属格）
b.先行词是动物/事物的话，用which,that,whose来引导定语从句。which,that在从句中可作主语和宾语，作宾语时可以省略 He came back for the book which/that he had forgotten. 作宾语，他回来找那本他遗忘的书。
He came back for the book which/that was on the desk. 作主语，他回来找的那本书在桌上
This is the chair whose legs were broken. 这是那张断腿的椅子。 指人 指物 主格 Who/that Which/that 宾格 Whom/who/that Which/that 属格 Whose whose
2、练习：
He was the person who/that joined the army that year. He came back for the book which/that或省略 he had forgotten.
He is the man whose wife is a teacher.
第四十七讲 定语从句（关系副词）why,when,where why：用于修饰表示原因的名词 如： the reason
We don't know the reason why he didn't show up. 我们不知道他没出现的原因
when：修饰表示时间的名词 如：next week
We'll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
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我们将推迟野餐到天气更好的下周
where：修饰表示地点的名词 如：the place
We don't know the place where he lives. 我们不知道他居住的地方。
练习：
He works in a factory where TV sets are made.
We'll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
She didn't tell me the reason why she refused the offer.
第四十八讲 宾语从句的连词
宾语从句：在句子中起宾语作用的从句
从属连词：that（不翻译）, if, whether（是否）
He told me(that)he would go to college the next year. He said that he was there yesterday. He doesn't know if/whether he was there. 他不知道他是否在那儿
连接代词：who谁, whom谁（宾）, whose谁的, what什么 注意从句语序的排列
Do you know who has won the game? 你知道谁赢得了比赛？
Do you know whom he likes? 你知道他喜欢谁？
Do you know whose book it is? 你知道这是谁的书？
Do you know what he is looking at? 你知道他在看什么？
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