的“mustn’t(不准)”，一般不用“may not（可能不）表猜测，语气很弱”。
3. 练习： （1） She could speak French before, but now she can’t. （2） Might/May/Could/Can（按语气程度排序）I come in?
Yes, please.
第二十五讲 情态动词（2）must/have to/should/ought to 1. must/have to：“必须怎样”，表示必须、必要（must主观多一些、have to客观多一些，表“不得不”）
have to有时态和数量的变化，而must无此变化。 Must和have to二者的否定意义不大相同。 如：You mustn’t go.你不准去。
You don’t have to go.你不必去。 You needn’t go. 你不必去。
（1） You must get up early. 主观必须
（2） It’s going to rain, I have to go home now.
不得不
对must和have to提问的否定回答，须用“needn’t和 don’t have to”,表示“不必”：
Must I come here early tomorrow?
No, you needn’t./No,you don’t have to.
2. Should/ought to：“应该怎样”，表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；should强调主观看法，而ought to强调客观要求。在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to. You should/ought to do the job right now. Should they stay here now?
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练习： 1.I must （必须）go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow. 2.You should （应该）work harder than that.
第二十六讲 情态动词（3）need 1. need：“需要” a. 作情态动词
He need come here early.
He needn’t come here early. Need he come here early?
Yes, he need./No, he needn’t.
b. 作实义动词，有第三人称单数和时态的变化，可用作不定式need to do sth。
He needs to come here early.
He doesn’t need to come here early. Does he need to come here early? Yes,he does./No,he doesn’t.
练习：
1、 You needn’t/don’t need to do it again. 你不需要重复做了
2、 He needn’t/doesn’t need to worry about it. 这件事他无需担心
3、 Does he need to do homework first? 他需要先做作业吗？
第二十七讲 情态动词（4）had better/would rather 1. had better表示“最好做某事”，had虽然是过去式，但
不表征过去，better后接动词原形。 He had better eat more.
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You’d better finish it right now.
2. would rather表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是??为好”，
语感比“had better”要轻。
You would rather deal with it now. 处理
3. 否定形式分别为：
had better not+动词原形 would rather not+动词原形
He had better not eat more.
You would rather not deal with it now.
4. 练习：
You had batter stay here.你最好待在这儿 I would rather not say it.我还是不说的好
第二十八讲 情态动词（5）used to +v/would +v 1. used to，would表示过去习惯性动作，可译为“过去常常??” a. used to可指过去的状态或情况，would指过去反复发生的动作。
The novel used to be popular. 这小说过去很流行。
b. would表示过去反复发生的动作。如果某一动作无反复性，就不能用would，只能用used to.
He would practice English every week. I used to live in Beijing.
c. used to表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束，would则表示有可能再发生。
People used to believe that the earth was flat.平的 He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
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练习：
1. The windows used to be open. 过去一直开着
2. They would gather together every week. 聚在一起 3. Sam used to play golf, but he doesn’t now.
第二十九讲 情态动词（6）否定和疑问
1. 情态动词的否定：情态动词+ not+ v原形 He can’t sing an English song. He may not know her. 可能不?? He mustn’t go there. 不准 He doesn’t have to go there.
2. 使用情态动词进行提问：情态动词+主语+v原形 Can he sing an English song? Yes,he can./No,he can’t.
Must he go there?
Yes,he must./No,he needn’t. （不必）
Does he have to go there? Yes,he does./No,he doesn’t.
May I smoke here? Yes, please.
No, you can’t（不能）/mustn’t.（不准）
练习：
1. May I stay here? Yes,please.
2. Must she go back now? No,she needn’t.
3. Does he have to get up at 9:00? Yes,he does.
第三十讲 情态动词（7）
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情态动词+have+p.p.（+现在完成时） 1.“情态动词+have+p.p.”：表达过去的事实；或推测的含义，表“可能已经??”。（但助动词should例外）
He may/might have arrived. 他可能已经到了 （可能性最小） He can/could have arrived. 他可能已经到了 （可能性小） He must have arrived. 他准是已经到了 （可能性大）
可能性大小排序：must、can、could、may、might
2. “should+have+p.p.”本应该??
“needn’t+have+p.p.” 本不需要??
He should have arrived. 他本应该到了（但没到） They should have finished the work. 他本应该已经完成工作（但没完成）
You needn’t have done so. 你本不需要那么做
3. must + have+p.p. 准是已经?? Can’t +have+p.p. 不可能已经??
He must have arrived. 他准是已经到了。 He can’t have arrived. 他不可能已经到了。
练习：
1. He can/could/may/might（可能） have arrived. 2. He must（准是） have arrived.
3. You needn’t（本不需要） have done so.
4. They should （本应该）have finished the work. 5. He can’t （不可能）have arrived.
第三十一讲 被动语态（1）被动态的构成和含义
1.如果主语是动作的承受者，则用动词的被动语态作谓语。 2.被动语态的构成：be+过去分词（p.p.）?by sb.
他被妈妈带到了美国。
He is taken to America by his mother.
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