一阶 语法讲义 定稿(7)

(2008Text4) They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.

(2008Text4) Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,

overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

状语从句

(1999.71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

(2002.65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

(2008Text3) Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.

(2008Text3) Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people — especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations — apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.

其他：

(200l 完形) The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy Up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.

(1998）Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday?s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years. (倒装结构)

(2001）Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. (否定结构) 否定

双重否定：在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none 等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。 eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.

形式否定，意义肯定

eg. A man can never have too many ties.

eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much.

eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child.

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形式肯定，意义否定

①more A than B 意思为“是 A 不是 B ；与其说是 B ，不如说是 A” eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar.

eg. He is more a composer than a singer.

② anything but 意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是” eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。

eg. I will do anything but that. 我决不干那件事。

③ no more .... than 与 not more ....than

no more ...than 意为“两者都不....”

eg. This book is no more interesting than that one. 这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。 not more....than 意为“两者都肯定，前者不如后者” eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。

部分否定&全部否定

eg. All the birds can not fly. None of the birds can fly.

代词或副词如 all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere 等与 not

搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是\等。 eg. All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。

= Not all is gold that glitters.

(2005Text2) Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain?

(2003) Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure.

(2003) It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.

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附录

熟词偏义词汇汇总

embrace 包括；接受， 信奉；拥抱

preferred 有优先权的

exceptional 特殊的；例外的

prejudice 损害；偏见

dormant 暂停活动的；潜在的；睡着的

serve 有作用

act 法案；(戏剧的)一幕

govern 适用于，管理term条款，术语；学期

personality 人物，名人；个性，人格

fine 细微的

secure 获得，得到；a。安全的

rather 恰恰相反；相当

knowledge 知道；知识

aggressive 有进取心的，大胆的；侵犯的

reasoning 推理

interpret 解释，口译

assume 假设，承担，采用

mental 心理的，精神的，智力的

account 描述；叙述

coverage 新闻报道，覆盖

launch 发起，开展，发射

grant 授予，同意，准予

line 思路

engage 雇用，使参与

dictate 命令，口授，听写

render 使得；给予；翻译

discipline 训练，学科；纪律

acute 敏锐的；(病)急性的

fair 集市，交易会，博览会

virtually 几乎，实际上

authority 当局

import 意义，重要性，含义；进口，输入

implication 含义，暗示

passage 通过；段落

otherwise 在其他方面，否则

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diversion 消遣，转移

harsh 严酷的，严厉的；难听的 frontier 前沿，新领域；边境 settlement 定居地，解决

convention 习俗；大会，会议；公约 abuse 滥用；虐待；谩骂 perceptual 感知的，知觉的 perception 感知，察觉；理解 radically 根本地，极端地，激进地 group 分组，分类 late 已故的；迟的，晚的 close 完成 ground 理由，根据

latitude (言语、行动等的)回旋余地，自由；纬度 conduct 指挥，管理；行为 favorable 有利的，顺利的，赞许的 bid 企图，努力

contention 争夺，竞争；争吵；争辩，论点 establish 确定；建立，确立

conclusive 有说服力的，确定性的；决定性的 fashion 方式；流行式样

blunt 直率的；钝的trial审判；试验

dramatize 使引人注目，使戏剧化，生动地表达 plague 令人烦恼的事；瘟疫，灾害 discern 区别，识别；理解

span 横跨，跨越；持续，包括；n。一段时间；跨度 population (某地或某类)物品的总数，种群；人口 slip 滑倒；n。疏忽，小错 liability 责任，义务；债务[复数] claim 索赔；声称，主张 tap 开发，利用

betray 背叛，出卖；暴露 highlight 强调，突出 acquisition 获得，学会 panel 专门小组

appeal to 呼吁；吸引；上诉 impose 强加，征(税)

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entrance 进入，入口(动词enter)

referee 审阅；仲裁(动词refer参考)

alien 不相容的，陌生的，外国的

might 力量，威力(形容词mighty 强有力的)

lateral 平级的；侧面的

cover 掩饰，盖住

exit 辞职；出口

term 把…称为，把…叫做

preach 竭力鼓吹，宣讲，讲道

publicize 宣传，公布

build-up 积聚，增长

juggle 尽力对付(文中指同时做几件事情)，使保持平衡；玩杂耍

well-established 固定下来的；得到确认的

redundancy 裁员；多余(形容词redundant多余的)

address 向…作正式讲话，对…发表演讲

version 版本；说法

fraction 小部分，片断，分数

disregard 不理会，漠视(反义词regard认为)

suspend 暂停，中止；悬，挂

muted温和的，趋缓的；缄默的，无言的

swing 摇摆；秋千(同义词fluctuation波动)

emerging 新兴的

implication 含义，暗示(动词imply)

rule 裁决，裁定

prescribe 开(药)；规定(prescription处方)

fuel 激起，刺激；n. 燃料

aggressive 大胆的；侵略性的

intelligence 情报，智力， 才智 (形容词intelligent)

margin 差额，余地，边缘，页边空白

(形容词marginal 微小的，少量的， 不重要的)

immunization 免疫；不受影响(动词immunize)

ultimate 最终的，根本的

freight 货物，运费

appeal 申诉，上诉；吸引

discrimination 歧视；区别(动词discriminate)

subscribe 同意，赞成；订购，订阅

apprehensive 忧虑的，担心的(动词apprehend理解)

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