一阶 语法讲义 定稿(4)

特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；

The news soon spread the whole school.

They had won the game.

The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school.

定语从句与同位语从句的区别

That 在后面的从句中充当成分，为宾语从句，不充当成分，为同位语从句。

区分：

The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good. The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.

The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is the reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.

2．宾语从句

从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句；

eg：We must find out who did all these.

I want to know weather he will come. I hope that he will come. 宾语从句的时态：

如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式，则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去时态；

例如 My teacher told that we would go there.

如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理，不管宾语从句前的动词时什么时态，宾语从句都用一般现在时；

例如 My teacher told that the earth is round.

宾语从句后接陈述句用 that 引导，that 一般可以省略,例如 I think (that) you are right.

宾语从句如果谓语动词是 doubt，后面接的一般疑问句通常用 whether 或 if 引导；如果前面的谓语动词是 don't doubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是 that；宾语从句如果谓语动词是 wonder，句型为 I wonder if，后面的连接词不能用 whether；

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宾语从句的否定转移：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式；

3．表语从句若从句为陈述句，直接加 that；

若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；

若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上 whether 或者 if； China is no longer what she used to be.

The question is who is responsible for what has happened.

（2002 text3） One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that it hasn’t occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. （2000）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams.

4．主语从句

That the college will take in more students is true. Weather he will come or not hasn't been decided.

Why he isn't here is not clear to everyone.

it 做形式主语的情况

（1）It is+名词+主语从句；eg：It is a pity that you should have to leave.

（2）It is+形容词+主语从句；eg：It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.

如果是 It is necessary /important /strange /natural+that 引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用 should+动词原形；eg：It is necessary that one should master the skills of operating computer.

It is+过去分词+主语从句；

It is said /planed/expected…

eg：It is said that President Bush will visit our school next week.

(4) It +不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句eg：It seemed certain that he will win the prize. 从句判别

Whether she will come or not is unknown. It is unknown whether he will come or not. I don't know whether he will come or not. The question is whether he will come or not.

The question whether he will come or not is not settled.

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__________(很多人没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports , and football in particular . （What many people don't realize）

In my sixties, one change I notice is ___________ (我比以前更容易累了). (that I feel tired more easily than before)

Your resume should attract a would-be boss's attention by demonstrating _____ (为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).

(why you would be the best candidate for a certain position)

Since my childhood I have found that ________ (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力). (nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading)

A great many people hold the idea _______. (中文学起来其实很有趣) (that Chinese is actually interesting to learn)

（三） 非谓语动词作主语作表语作宾语

（1）to do

(2) + doing

acknowledge，admit, advocate, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, delay, escape, deny,

consider, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagine, postpone, practice, suggest, prevent, keep, quit

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

1) forget 2）stop 3）remember 4) regret 5）try 6) mean

(4) + do

1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带 to。 feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear 听到 watch 注视 listen to 听 perceive 察觉，感知 notice 注意 see 看见 hear 听

On seeing the young child fell into the lake, Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 2)另一类是某些使役动词，如 make, let，have 等。

固定句型

1）It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time...)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying over the spilt milk.

It is no good objecting.

It is a great fun playing football．

2) It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive 等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光说没用。

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It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。

It is good playing chess after supper. 晚饭后弈棋挺好。

（四） 状语从句

状语从句：两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接；状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系；分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型；

eg：I got up late. I was late for school.

Because I got up late, I was late for school. （原因状语从句） I got up late，so I was late for school. （结果状语从句）

1. 地点状语从句

(1) 通常由 where, wherever，everywhere 引导；eg：Where I live there are plenty of trees.

Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work.

Wherever=no matter where

Everywhere they went, they were warmly received.

(2) where：不能翻译成在……地方时，通常翻译为如果，表示在……条件下； eg: Where you are confident，you will succeed.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

eg：Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges，it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of

country.

2、方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由 as, as if, as though，the way 引导（1）as 从句带有比喻的含义，意思是\正如…\，\就像\

eg：When you enter Rome, do as the Romans do .

（2）as if/though：“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”; 有时用虚拟语气，有时不用；eg：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. （与事实相反，

谓语用虚拟语气。）

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He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

eg：Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.

（3）the way：可以连接两个句子，表达就像……一样eg：I should do the job the way my father did.

Many Europeans now apparently view the US the way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party.

3. 目的状语从句

（1）可以由 that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case 等词引导；

lest= for fear that 以防；从句中的谓语动词必须用 should+动词原形； eg: He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.

He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain.

（2）in case：以防；与 lest 不同，从句里时态不做特殊变化

eg：Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.

(2003. 35) In these activities，it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span. A Variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they wan t and then go On to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down. .

A. if only B. now that C. so that D. even if

4. 结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由 so… that 或 such…that 引导；so 保留，that 可以省略；如此……以至于……；

Eg：He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.

He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited. 比较：so 和 such （1）so +形容词、副词+that；so+形容词+a/an+名词+that

eg：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.

It was so hot a day that crops wilted.

He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him. （2）such + a/an+形容词+名词+that

eg：It was such a hot day that crops wilted.

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