一阶 语法讲义 定稿(5)

He is such a lovely boy that everyone loves him.

5. 比较状语从句

than, as…as…，not so as…,（not) the same as eg：Light travels faster than sound.

the+比较级：

eg：The sooner，the better.

(2005.46) Never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.

Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school - the prophecy（预言) becomes self- fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (恶性循环) of neglect.

(2007text 7）Few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

(2000Text4) In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. 倍数类：

(2000Text 1) After the end of the Second World War, the US had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled (无与伦比的 ) economies of scale.

(2003Text3) Railroads typically charge the shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.

6. 时间状语从句

（1）当……的时候：while, when, as ；when：

eg：When I was watching TV, my mother came back. while：

eg：My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspaper. as：eg：As time went by, the days became longer and longer.

（2）一……就……：as soon as , directly，immediately, instantly 连接两个句子；一些名词如 the minute，the moment, the instant 也可表示；

eg：I will write to you the moment/minute I arrived in Paris.

另：no sooner… than, hardly… when 后面的句子需要倒装 eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑开了。

eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily.

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他们一 到家，雨就越下越大起来。

（3）till＆until：

① 肯定形式表示的意思是\做某事直至某时\，动词必须是延续性的；否定形式表达的意思是\直至某时才做某事\，一般用 until，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以；

eg: I slept until midnight. Wait till I call you. She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.

② till 可用于句首，而 until 通常不用于句首，通常用于句中； eg. I had heard nothing of what happened until you told me.

“not. . . until\的四种不同句式：

正常句式 We didn?t go home until we finished our homework.

Until 在句首 _________________________________________

倒装句式 d. 强调句式

★倒装

总共分为两种形式：全部倒装和部分倒装全部倒装:主谓宾构成了正常的语序，把谓语动词提到了动词的前面，谓语动词直接发生在主语之前，那么就是全部倒装。

1）全部倒装的情况：

①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为 go，come 等时通常用全部倒装。

如果是进行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。

The bus is coming here.

Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.

② 如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装

The old man lives in the city center.

A temple stands on the mountain.

③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把 be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。

A boy aged about 18 was lying on the floor.

A boy aged about 18 lies on the floor.

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A group of young people are sitting on the ground. eg. 300 名日本青年正在访问北京。

300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing.

2）部分倒装的形式: 主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的助动词放到主语的前面。

1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装

这类词语有 hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few, little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way, on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only等。

eg. He never smokes. 他从来不抽烟。

eg. Not only did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.

2、当句首为 only 加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。 eg. Only with you can I feel happy.

3、so......that 结构中的 so 位于句首时，常引起部分倒装 eg. He runs so fast that I can't catch up with him.

eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day.

4、as 表示虽然的意思。 eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself.

Although I like music very much, ....

5. 虚拟语气的倒装

Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. 与新技术息息相关的是一些现代商人，他们日益看重国外生意的经济价值。

Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is

harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. 萃取自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美的受欢迎程度一再创出新高。

Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls. 公路系统不但为美国经济的发展提供了运输路线，还带动了一批诸如加油站、汽车旅馆、酒店、购物中心等相关行业的发展。

Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other

psychological and social issues related to chronic pain. 我们不仅要找出疼痛的病

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因，帮助我们更好地治疗；还要提供综合疗法，治疗与慢性疼痛相关的抑郁症和其他心理与社交问题。

Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel. 如果我不是参加了这次讲习班，我肯定会不由自主地认为那位男士候选人更合适，因为我们这个空缺的岗位需要频繁出差。

It is said that never before has man been so highly successful in his attempts to modify theweather on a very small scale.

据说人们从来没有过这么大的成功尝试用这么小的规模去描述气候。

7. 条件状语从句

（1）连接词：if, once, as long as, on condition that

① 如果引导的条件可以实现，主将从现；

② 如果引导的条件和事实相反，则用虚拟语气；

eg：If winter comes can?t spring be far behind?

As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.

You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.

if only：只要；only if: 只有

The senior librarian at circulation desk promised to get the book for me 3 the she could remember who last borrowed it. A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only

8. 原因状语从句 连接词：

because, since, as, for, now that, in that, owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of;

比较because, since, as 和 for：

because 语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答 why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用 as 或 since。

I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for。

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He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. now that：既然；

in that :因为，通常只能放在句中，强调重要的，唯一的的原因；eg：Now that this semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and take a trip. Human beings are different from animals in that human can speak and think.

owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of 等短语后面只能接词或短语，不能接从句； eg. (1995 语法)Hydrogen(氢元素) is the fundamental element of the universe __ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that

Eg. (1996.46 ) Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon(碳元素)，hydrogen，oxygen(氧元素)，and sometimes nitrogen(氮元素)．They are different__ their elements are arranged differently.

A. in that B. so that C. such that D. except that

Eg. (2004.22) Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (违法行为) or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others.

A. before B. unless C. until D. because

9. 让步状语从句

常见的连接词有 though, although, as, while, even though 区分 though，although，as

eg：Although/though he is a child, he can live by himself. as 表示虽然的时候，要进行倒装；

Child as/though he is , he can live by himself.

eg：Although/though she works very hard ,she makes very little progress.

Although/though she is young, she has traveled to many countries to put shows .

while：连接两个句子，表示虽然，但是；eg：He is experienced while he is young.

While there?s no question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you?re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.

补充： ★as 的用法

1、as 作介词，表示作为，一般情况下后面只能接一个名词； eg. She works as a doctor.

As a League member, I'll take the lead in everything.

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