一阶 语法讲义 定稿(6)

2、as 作关系代词，as 引导这样的从句一般最好是放在句子的开头； eg. The moon travels round the earth once every month, which is known to everybody.

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. （主语从句）

Eg. As we have seen，the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease —— especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking and failure to exercise.

3、as 充当连词来构成状语从句；

① 时间状语从句（当.....的时候）， eg. As the summer comes, the day becomes shorter and shorter.

②原因状语从句（表示显而易见的原因），和 since 在用法上保持一致。 eg. As she was not feeling well, we all told her to stay at home.

③让步状语从句，although 引导的句子可以转换成 as 的用法 eg. Although the graph is simple. Simple as the graph is.

④方式状语从句（就像....一样；正如....一样）； eg. Do as the instruction says.

⑤比较状语从句 eg. I'm as tall as you. 4、as 短语： as long as 只要； such as 例如 ；

as soon as 一....就...... ; so as to 为了； as if 好像； as though 好像； just as 正如；

10. 状语从句的省略

分词作状语；独立主格结构

在状语从句中，若前后主从句主语一致，则省略从句的主语，将后面的动词发生形式上的变化，主动语态变成 ing 形式，若是被动语态，则变为 ed 形式。

（1）条件：状语从句，前后主语一致（2）形式：分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后

（3）省略方式：关系词（可保留）+动词形式变化（-ing/-ed） Eg. When [As soon as] the mouse saw the cat, it ran off.

Given more time, I would be able to complete it. Reading the letter，she burst out crying.

另：分词短语做状语时，可以保留相应的连词

Eg. After having annoyed everybody, he went home.

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Although exhausted by the walk，he continued his journey.

Eg. When _______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without

noticing the many similarities.

A. compared B. being compared

C. comparing D. having compared

Eg. ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face

Eg. (1998 语法)He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society，——insufficiently(不够地)popular with all members.

A. being considered B. considering

C. to be considered D. having considered

Eg. (1992 语法)_____of the burden of ice，the balloon climbed up and drifted c0 the south. A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed

Eg. (1999Text 1)Feeling threatened，companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels， trying to anticipate every possible accident.

Eg. (2004. 64)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

独立结构的构成：

只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。

长难句分析

第一部分 单句分析

1、 长难句拆分原则：

把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。

2、 五个拆分信号：

①连词：并列句的并列连词 and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词 which，that，when， if 等。

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②介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。

③不定式符号 to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。

④分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。

⑤标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干

—— 两个逗号或破折号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。

插入语：插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用逗号或者破折号和其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。

（1）_____the more expensive the camera， the better its quality. A. General speaking

B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally

小结：许多分词短语可以用作插入语，这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking（严格地说）， generally considering（一般认为）， judging from……（根据……判断）等。

（2）Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____，neither of them could swim.

A. In fact B. Luckily C. Unfortunately D. Naturally

小结：常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally（天然地），luckily for sb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），briefly（简单地说）等。

（3）Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard，_____， you failed.

in the end

after all

in other words

at the same time

小结：常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion（总之），in a word（简而言之），in short （简而言之），in general（一般说来），in a sense（在某种意义上），in my view（在我看来）， in his opinion（按照他的看法），in fact（事实上），at first（首先）， in addition（此外），of course （当然），to my surprise（使我惊奇的），to her regret（使她遗憾的），for example（例如）等。

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（4）It is so nice to hear from her. _____，we last met more than thirty years ago.

What’s more

That is to say

In other words

Believe it or not

小结：用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure （我可以肯定地说），I believe（我相信），do you know（你知道吗），you see（你明白），I’m afraid（恐怕），it is said（据说），I suppose（我想），what’s more（而且），what’s worse（更糟糕的是），that is（也就是说），what is important（重要的是）等。

（2009）While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. (插入结构)

例句：

Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world?s favorite academic title: the

MBA (Master of Business Administration).

3. 五步拆分步骤：

①隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点

②寻找连词，确定句子种类——并列句，主从句；

③寻找句中的动词或动词结构

④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词；

⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分；

**⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译；

**⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述。注：**部分为翻译要求步骤。

(2001.74 ) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: \a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.\

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(1994Text1) Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. (33words)

(2007Text3) Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

并列句

(1999.75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

(1999.74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

(2000) Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

名词性从句：

(2005Textl)Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

(2011）For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.

(1995.72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

(1997.72）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

定语从句：

(2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.

（2011）The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.

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