一阶 语法讲义 定稿(2)

通常由副词构成，副词可以修饰动词，形容词，乃至整个句子；

副词通常是褒义的，有部分是有否定含义的，常见否定含义副词有 seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely；

其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念；

形容词和副词的比较级：

（1）一些没有比较级的形容词和副词：

①单词本身的含义是表示比……年长、比……优秀、比……优等时，没有比较级概念；

如 supreme，inferior，junior，senior，prior ，后面搭配的介词一般是 to，而不用 than.

②有些单词本身的含义即是最，独一无二，没有比较级概念； 如 absolute，entire，

excellent，favorite，final.

（2）同级比较和异级比较：

①同级比较：as…as…/…times as…

②异级比较： （倍数或修饰词，表示多或少）+比较级+than

常见的修饰比较级的词有：much、still，even，by far，a bit，a little, a good deal 或者倍数；eg：The photography of Mars taken by satellite are much clearer than those taken from earth.

③比较级特殊用法词汇：

more…than…： eg：He is more clever than honest.

the+比较级：越来越…… eg：The harder you work, the more you will learn. 谓语

实义动词

① 及物动词 watch, see

② 不及物动词 sit ? 系动词 ① be 动词；

② 一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell 等；

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简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语 (不及物动词）；

（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。

谓语动词形式一: 英语时态

1. 一般现在时（1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；

eg：I get up at 7 o' clock in the morning.

I leave school for home at 6 every evening.

（2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实；

eg：The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.

2. 一般过去时两种变化形式：在动词后加 ed 或不规则变化的动词；

在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态：

常用时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等；eg：Did you go to Shanghai last week?

补充：used to/be used to

一般过去式和过去完成时的对比：（1）过去完成时：过去的过去；

eg：Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai.

① 一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生在前，一个发生在后，发生在前的用一般过

去时，发生在后的用过去完成时；

eg：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

② 表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示\原本…，却未能…\

eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didn't.

3. 一般将来时

（1）shall/will, shall 用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替;

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eg：Which paragraph shall I read first？

（2）be going to +不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生；

eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? What will you do this afternoon? will 表示纯粹的将来；

（3）be +不定式：表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事；

eg：We are to/will discuss the report next Saturday.

（4）be about to +不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语；eg：He is about to leave for Beijing.

注意：

（1） 一般现在时有时也可表将来；

eg：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

① 趋向性动词 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来，主要用来

表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

eg：When does the bus star? It starts in ten minutes.

② 在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来；

eg：I'll write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.

（2）现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算……；

come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等词可以用进行时表将来；

I am leaving for some important thing.

OK, see you.

现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在造成影响。

（1）过去发生的动作发生到现在，刚刚完成；（2）从过去发生的动作，发生到现在，刚刚告一段落，但是后面会继续发生；

eg：I have just finished my homework. It has rained for 3 days. 过去时与现在完成时的区别：

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（1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

eg：I came to Beijing in 1995.

I have stayed in Beijing since 1995.

（2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用，或无时间

状语；

一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October…（具体时间）现在完成时常用时间状语：for, since, so far…（长期的段时间）

eg：He had dinner with me yesterday.

I have played basketball for 3 hours.

（3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等；

eg：He got married two years ago.

I have lived in Beijing for 10 years.

用于现在完成时的句型

（1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

（2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.

典型例题

---Have you ____ been to our town before?

---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come B. even, have come

C. ever, come D. ever, have come

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答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为 never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。

since 和 for 的用法：

since 用来说明动作起始时间，for 用来说明动作延续时间长度;

eg：I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.

for 后面多接一段时间，而 since 后面则接一个时间点，若 since 后面也出现时间段，则在时

间段后加 ago；

eg： I have lived here since twenty years ago. 错句：I have worked here since many years.

since 句型：It is +一段时间+ since 从句，since 从句要用一般过去时；eg：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

It is three years since I joined the army.

进行时态：一般进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时；

现在完成进行时：have/has+been+doing

现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：

eg：It has rained for 3 days.

It has been raining for 3 days.

现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生，现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。

eg：I have been learning English for 5 years. I have been learned English for 5 years.

谓语动词形式二:被动语态

be+动词过去分词； eg Forests have been cleared.

They were given a warm send off.

Their wedding will be held in the church.

不强调施动者，而只强调受动者；

eg：The book was written 20 years ago.

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