一阶 语法讲义 定稿(3)

主动形式表示被动意思

①某些既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词用的动词，在他们作不及物动词用时，可以用主动

形式表示被动意思，如 write, wash, wear, sell, cut, tear（撕），burn, play 等，常与它们连用的词为 well, easily, smoothly 等。如 The coat washes well.这件大衣很耐洗。

②在 be worth doing 句型中表示被动含义，如 The book is worth reading

③在 need, want, require 等后的动名词表示被动含义，如 The flowers need

watering. ④感官动词如 feel, taste, smell, look 等主动形式表示被动含义，如 The fish tastes good. ⑤短语 run out, wear out, give out 等主动形式表被动含义，如 My socks have worn out.

谓语动词形式三:情态动词+动词

情态动词是指它含有一定的含意，可以表达某种感情和说话的口气，但是它不可以单独使用作谓语动词。

情态动词主要包括 can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would, dare, need, have to, used to, had better, would rather 等。

1. 情态动词+动词原形

I can swim across the river.

He should help the poor in the remote areas.

You'd better take your parents' advice if you want to fulfill your dream. 2. could/might+ have +动词过去分分词

※特殊语言现象：虚拟语气

would +have +过去分词 should + have + 过去分词

英语复合句

（一） 定语从句：用于关系词引导句子修饰名词

A 构成：

定语从句的形式

I know the girl.

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The girl comes from Beijing.

I know the girl who comes from Beijing.

定语从句三步骤

① 先找出两个句子中相同的名词

② 判断名词是人还是物，人 who/that 物 which/that

③ 将 who/that/which 引导的句子放于相同的名词后面

I like reading books.

The books were written by O. Henry.

I like reading books which/that were written by O. Henry.

不能用 which，只能用 that

① 前面的先行词是不定代词，包括 all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little 等；eg：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ?

② 如果先行词中出现了 the only, the very 等；eg：This is the only way that we can think out.

③ 如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级；

eg：This is the best film that I have ever seen.

④ 如果先行词中即有人，又有物；

eg：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.

1. 谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密＆关系疏远 look + for 寻找 关系紧密 look + at 看 关系疏远

定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后2. 面，不能做

任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到 which/ who 的前面；

This is the book which you are looking for.

This is the book at which you are looking.

This is the book which you are interested in.

This is the book in which you are interested.

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This is the book which you asked for.

3. 关系代词和关系副词

Beijing is the place.

I was born in the place.

-Beijing is the place which I was born in. -Beijing is the place in which I was born . 定语从句中，如果介词+which 表示地点，则可以用 where 替换；

Beijing is the place where I was born. eg:

I can't forget the day.

I join the army on the day.

I can’t forget the day which I joined the army.

I can’t forget the day on which I joined the army. (when)

判断关系代词和关系副词的方法

（1）不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；

eg：I will never forget the days _____ I worked together with you. (on which/when) I will never forget the days _____ I spent in the countryside. (which) （2）通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分

Is this the museum （that） you visited a few days ago? the museum：充当 visit 的宾语

Is this the museum (in which/where) the exhibition was held?

关系代词: 前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分；介词+which: 恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成 when，where 这样的关系副词；

B 分类：

限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

(1) 非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号；

In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定语从句）

In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定语从句）

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限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义；

I have a sister who is a nurse.

I have a sister, who is a nurse.

（2）非限定性定语从句：

①先行词是前面的整句话；

eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year. This is the house, which we bought last month.

② 非限定性定语从句引导词 which/as： which 引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as 则只能放在句子前面；

eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.

eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss, _____ came as a surprise . A. It B. that C. as D. which

C 定语从句的划分

There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.

Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.

In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.

A driver who is driving the bus mustn?t talk with others or be absent-minded. The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.

D 定语从句省略（分词作定语）

关系词充当宾语的时候

I know the boy who the teacher praised just now.

The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.

关系词充当主语

The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder.

Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically.

Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic.

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Career experts say that one of the ways (that) job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.

职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。 That are causing companies to Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic personnel shortages search beyond their home borders for talent. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004.

(二) 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句；

定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分；

1．同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解释

I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School.

英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。

Eg： He is a student.

Are you a student?

Who is a student?

同位语从句：关系词不再和前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句；

eg： I know the fact. He is a student.

I know the fact that he is a student. eg： I have a question.

Are you a student?

I have a question whether you are a student. eg： I have a question.

who is a student?

I have a question who is a student.

同位语从句的构成

① 从句仍然接在名词之后，名词有可能为 answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact， hope, message, news, promise, question, thought 等

形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式；

如果是陈述句，直接加 that 引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上 whether 或者 if；

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