v. 1) think quietly and deeply深思；考虑；反省
I often reflect on the beauty and complexity of life. 我们经常思考人生的美丽与复杂。 After reflecting for a time he decided not to go.仔细考虑过后，他决定不去了。 2) show or be a sign of a particular situation or feeling反映；体现
Her sad looks reflected the thought passing through her mind. 她忧戚的面容反映出她内心的思想。
The sunlight was reflected in the water. 日光由水面反射出来。
[扩展] reflecting telescope 反射望远镜
reflect sth. on/ upon sb.（指行动，结果）带来（荣誉或玷辱）
reflect on/ upon不信任；玷辱名誉 reflect (on/ upon)考虑；思考
13. environment
n. [C, U] the physical and social conditions in which people live环境；周边状况；自然环境
Students of social problems investigate the home, social and moral environments of different classes of people.研究社会问题的学者调查各阶层人民的家庭，社会和精神上的生活环境。
Children need a happy home environment. 孩子需要一个幸福的家庭环境。 [扩展] environmental adj. environmentally adv.
[同义辨析] case, condition, situation, environment, circumstance, state
case n.指与某人或某事有关的“环境”或特殊“情况”，并可表示“实情”或“事例”
等意思。In some cases people have been killed or made sick by radioactive substances.在某些情况下，人会被放射性物质致死或致病的。If that?s the case, you?ll have to work much harder.如果情况是那样的话，你将必须更加努力工作。
condition n.表示事物或人目前存在的“情况”，主要指“条件”。At that time conditions
there were very hard.那时，那里的情况很艰苦。We must better our financial condition.我们必须改善我们的财政状况。
situation n.多指在某一时期所产生的“形势”、 “状况”或“处境”。还可以表示建筑
物的“位置”及人的“地位”等。The computer concept can be applied in situation where previously, because of restriction of space or cost, it would have been impossible.在原先受空间和投资限制而无法使用计算机的地方，现在却可以实际上达到应用计算机的效果。The international situation is headed toward peace.国际形势朝和平的方向发展。 environment n.多指对人或生物存在、生长及发展产生物质或精神影响的“周围环境”，
常用单数。Through technology, science helps man to gain increasing control over his environment.通过技术，科学可以帮助人类不断加强对于自己周围环境的控制。The house itself is not particularly to my mind, but I like its environment. 这房子本身并不特别合我的心意，但我喜欢它周围的环境。
circumstance n.指与某人或某事有关的“情况”、“环境”或“事实”等，通常用复数，
也可表示某事的“详情”或“细节”等。He was forced by the circumstances to do this.他做此事是为环境所迫。Due to circumstances beyond our control the lecture was cancelled.由于无法控制的情况，讲座取消了。
state n.指人或事物在环境、外观、心灵、健康等方面的“状态”或“情况”，同时，还
有许多其它的词义和用法。它在表示“情形”或“状况”的意思时是可数名词，单数前可加不定冠词。Matter generally exists in three states: gas, liquid and solid.物质一般有三态：气态、液态和固态。The building is in a bad state of repair.那个建筑物需要大修。
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14. critical
adj. 1) very important极为重要的，关键性的
The reforms of enterprises are now at the critical moment.现在企业的改革正出在紧要关头。
We have come to the critical moment.现在到了紧要关头。 2)giving a careful judgment of the qualities of something评论的
In the current critical climate her work is not popular.在当前评论风气影响下，她的作品不怎么受欢迎。
Why are you always so critical? 你怎么总是这样吹毛求疵？
[扩展] critic n.（文学、艺术、音乐等的）批评家；吹毛求疵者；非难者 She is a food critic.她是一位美食评论家。
I am my own most severe critic.我对自己要求非常严格。 15. perspective
n. [C] a way of thinking about something 视角；观点
This is a distorted perspective of the nation?s history.这是对这个国家历史的歪曲看法。 How to treat the issue from different perspectives? 如何从不同的视角来看待这件事？
[扩展] perspective
n. 1) [U] the art of drawing solid objects on a flat surface so as to give the right
impression of their relative height, width, depth, distance, etc 透视发；透视绘图法；透视图
in / out of perspective 按照（未按照）透视画法的
The painting provides us with one of the earliest example of the use of perspective.那幅画给我们提供了采用透视画法的最早的范例。
Artists didn?t understand perspective in those days.那个年代艺术家们不懂透视法。 2）[U] apparent relation between different aspects of a problem（问题之间不同方面的）明显关系
in the /its right/ wrong perspective正确地（不正确地）
You must get the story in its right perspective.你必须正确地了解这故事。He sees things in their right perspective.他对事物有正确地观点。
16. peer
n. [U] a person of the same age, class, or position同龄人；同等地位的人
The opinion of his peers is more important to him than his parents? idea.对他来说，同辈人的意见要比父母的观点更重要。
There?s a lot of peer group pressure on teenagers.青少年要承受来自同龄人的很大压力。
17. instruct
vt. 1) teach somebody something, or show them how to do something教育；指导
They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job.他们教我用最好的办法做这项工作。
His uncle instructed him in French.他的叔叔教他法语。 2) officially tell somebody what to do 指示；命令；通知
I have been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives.我得到指示在这里等到老师
来。
He?s instructed his lawyer to proceed with the sale of his house.他嘱咐律师着手安排出售房子。
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[扩展] instructor n. [C] a teacher 教师；指导者
The college jumped him from instructor to full professor.大学突然把他从讲师提为正教授。
Our instructor told us to keep the room locked.我们的教导员告诉我们把那间房锁
上。
[同义辨析] teach, educate, instruct
teach vt. & vi.是一个一般用语，指通过布置作业、训练技能、指导自学、提供范例等方式
“教”、“教育”、或“教授”学生学会做某事、具有知识、技能等，强调具体过程和动作。用作不及物动词时，也可指某人在学校“教书”或“授课”。用作及物动词时，后面可接双宾语、带不定式的复合结构和从句等。Machines can also teach you lessons; they are teaching machines.机器还会给你授课，这种机器就是教学机器。The driver taught us how to drive a car.那位司机叫我们怎样开汽车。 educate vt.比teach较正式而且含义较抽象。指以更平常的办法在一个长期的和广阔的学术
过程中“教育”、 “培养”、或“训练”某人。成果有时比teach大，几乎在任何情况下，不能和teach互相替换。The young workers were educated at a technical college.这些青年工人曾在一所技术学院受教育。These schools taught but failed to educate their students.这些学校是上课了，但并没有培养出学生。
instruct vt.是一个较正式的用语。主要指以系统的方法“教育”或“指导”人上某种课。含有
传递信息或指令的意味。也可指“通知”或“指示”某人做某事。She instructs them in chemistry.她教他们学化学。The manual will instruct the buyer on the installation of air-conditioner.手册会教购货人有关安装空调的知识。
18. arise (arose, arisen)
vt. 1) come into being; appear; happen出现；发生
New difficulties are constantly arising as we do the work.我们从事这项工作时，新的困难不断出现。
The problem may not arise, but there?s no harm in keeping our powder dry.问题不一定会发生，但有备无患并无害处。
2) (from) come from （由??）引起，（由??）产生
Accidents often arise from carelessness.事故往往起因于粗心。
Serious obligations may arise from the proposal clause.由这项提议的条款可能产生一些重大的责任。
[同义辨析] raise, rise, arise
raise vt. & vi.普通的一个用语，指“举起”、“升起”、或“提高”有形的姿态或行动。也常用于比喻的用法，指“提高”或“增加”效率、产量、价值、生活水平、税率等抽象的东西。还可指“饲养”、“提出”、“招募”等本组其它动词所没有的意思。多用作及物动词，只有在方言或口语中才用作不及物动词，表示“上升”之意。These machines have been devised to raise efficiency.设计了这些机器是为了提高效率。The factory raised its daily output from 100 tons to more than 500.该厂把日产量由100吨提高到了500多吨。 rise vi.和arise vi.都指某事物自己“升起”、“起来”、或“出现”。可用于有形或无形的东西。指垂直地通过水或空气“上升”或“升起”；也可指河水、产值、购买力、人数、销售量、威望、价格、需要、信心等“上涨”、 “增长”、或“提高”；还可指江河之“发源”、建筑物与高山之“矗立”等。Arise多用于无形的东西，指困难、需要、雾气等事物之“出现”或“发生”。含有因果关系之连锁反应及可能由简单到复杂的发展过程等意味。As the gases rise, they lose heat or cool.当气体上升时，就失去热量变冷。The balloons rose up slowly into the air.那些气球冉冉升入天空。A new
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difficulty has arisen from the experiment.由这次实验产生了一个新的困难。An opportunity has arisen.机会来了。 19. absolute
adj. 1) complete or total 完全的；十足的
Her new dress is an absolute dream.她的连衣裙漂亮极了。 I have absolute trust in the doctors.我绝对相信医生。
2)(only before none, especially British English informal) used to emphasize your opinion
about something or someone（仅用于名词前，多用于英式英语的非正式用语中）用来强调对于某事或某人的观点
Some of the stuff on TV is absolute rubbish.电视上有的东西真是垃圾。
How did you do that? You are an absolute genius.你是怎么做到那样的？真是一个天
才。
3) definite and not likely to change绝对的
We need absolute proof that he took the money.对他是否偷了钱这件事，我们还需要绝
对的证据。
It is an absolute fact.那是绝对的事实。 4) not restricted or limited 无限制的；专制的
An absolute ruler need not ask anyone for permission to do anything.一个有绝对权利
的统治者做任何事都不必征得任何人的同意。
Parents used to have absolute power over children.过去父母对孩子有绝对的控制权。 [扩展] absolutely adj. completely and in every way完全地，十足地 I?m absolutely starving. 我饿极了。
I trust his discretion absolutely. 我完全相信他的判断。 absolute majority 绝大多数；absolute zero 绝对零度 20. explicit
adj. expressed in a clear and direct way清楚的；直截了当的
He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免给我们明确的回答。
They give explicit reasons for leaving.他们明确地说出了离开的原因。 [扩展] definite, explicit, express, specific (adj.)明确的，确定的
definite强调清晰、确定，没有含糊其辞或摸棱两可。它不强调提供细节。I want a definite
answer: “Yes” or “No”.我要一个明确的回答：“是”或“否”。I want an appointment for a definite time and place.我要有一个有确定的时间和地点的约会。
explicit有真正用言语来表明的意思，通常趋向于指说明在各种选择中做出明确的抉择。
He was quite explicit about the matter.他对这件事讲得十分明白了。It was definite that he was to be a passenger on the boat, though he would not be explicit about his destination.很明确，他必定是个乘船的旅客，尽管他不明说他的目的地。
specific强调提供所有的细节的、十分详尽的描述。Can you be more specific? 你能否说得
更明确一点？My order are quite specific.我的嘱咐是很明确的。
express和explicit及specific都强调陈述得清楚、明白。若有必要，会提供所有细节。区
别在于：express意示用明白的话说出，而非暗示所要讲的内容，同时，它是比explicit和specific要正式一些的用词。You cannot ignore such an express command.你不能忽视如此明确的一项命令。It was his express wish that you should not wait for him.他明确希望你不要等他。
21. comment
n. [C] an opinion about somebody or something意见；评论
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Have you any comment to make upon my story? 你对于我的故事有没有什么意见？ Her strange behavior caused a good deal of comment, of talk, gossip, etc.她奇怪的行为引起了诸多议论。
vi. express an opinion about somebody or something评论
The minister refused to comment on the rumors of his resignation.部长拒绝就他辞职一事的传闻发表评论。
The king refuses to comment on the election results.国王拒绝评论选举的结果。
[扩展] make a comment发表意见；写一段评论 comment on/ upon对??评论 22. reinforce
vt. make something stronger强化；加固
Any good speaker should be able to reinforce his argument with facts.一个好的演讲者会用事实来加强他的观点。
This evidence reinforces my view that he is a spy.这一证据证实了我认为他是间谍的这一看法。
[扩展] reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土
reinforcement n. [U] reinforcing or being reinforced; (esp.pl) that which reinforces; (esp.)
men, ships, etc. sent to reinforce增援；加强；（尤用复数）增强或加强之物；（尤指）援兵；援舰等
23. requirement
n. [C] something that is needed or necessary要求；要求的东西
The refugees? main requirements are food and shelter.难民的主要必需品是食物和住所。
Candidates who fail to meet these requirements will not be admitted to the University.不符合这些要求的考生不能上这所大学。
24. likely
ad. probably可能地
I shall very likely be here again next month. 我下个月很可能再来此地。 We will most likely go to a bar. 我们很有可能去酒吧 。
a. probably going to happen, or probably true 可能的；有希望的 Is he likely to win? 他有希望获胜吗？
It was likely that he would make a televised statement. 他很可能会发表电视声明 。
[近义词辨析] probable, likely, possible
probable a. 可能的， 是这组词中可能性程度最大的词，肯定意味较浓，有足够的根据或
理由使人相信。
On the probable outcome of the contest, opinions of the audiences are unanimous.对比赛的
可能结果, 观众的意见是一致的。
It is probable that the economic situation will deteriorate further.经济形势可能进一步恶化。
likely a. 可能的， 程度仅次于probable, 表示从表面迹象判断颇有可能，如赢得认同或产
生结果等。
He is likely to do something wrong.他有可能会干坏事。
It is likely that investors will face losses. 投资者有可能受到损失。
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