The job of a politician is to serve the community.政治家的职责是为大众服务。 2) [C] the people who live in the same area, town, etc. 社区居民;社区
Everyone should invest some time in community service. 每个人都应该花些时间在社区服务上。
The money will go to finance a new community centre. 这些钱将用来资助一个新社区中心。
[扩展] community center 社区活动中心
community chest (美)社区(救济穷困者的)福利基金 a community spirit 团队精神 in community 一起;共同 2. expand
v. make or become larger in size, number, or amount (使)变大;(使)扩张;(使)膨胀
Metals expand when they are heated. 金属遇热则膨胀。
Our foreign trade has expanded during recent years. 近年来我们的对外贸易有所扩大。The petals of many flowers expand in the sunshine. 许多花的花瓣在阳光中绽放。
[反义词] contract/shrink (使)缩小
[同义辨析] enlarge, increase, expand, amplify
enlarge v. 通常指“扩大”或“增大”某物的尺寸或大小,不能用以指重量、速度、时间
等事物。但还可以指对事物进行“详述”、或对思想及胸怀等加以“扩大”或“扩展”。The manager is going to enlarge the staff by engaging six new people.经理打算再聘用六个新人手来扩大工作人员队伍。The hotel is being enlarged to accommodate more guests.为了能多安排旅客住宿,该旅馆正在扩大。
increase v. 既可指“增加”数量或强度,也可指“增大”尺寸或大小。还可指“增加”、
“增长”、“增进”、或“增殖”信心、程度、力量、贸易额、因素、价格、困难等抽象的概念。它是一个一般用语,往往含有逐步上升的意味。The output of 50 major products has increased by a wide margin.五十种主要产品都有大幅度增长。The population of this city has increased from less than half a million in 1949 to over two million.这个城市的人口1949年还不到50万,现在已经增加到两百多万。
expand v. 不仅可以指“扩大”或“扩充”物的大小,而且可以指使物体活动的范围、区
域、或本身的体积“膨胀”、“扩张”、或“张开”,也可指“详谈”或阐述某种观点及看法等;还可指“展开”某个代数式等。We should steadily expand our electronics industry to meet the growing needs. 我们应该不断发展电子工业来满足日益增长的需要。When a gas expands, it does mechanical work in forcing back a piston.当气体膨胀时,它迫使活塞返回,气体就作了机械功。
amplify v. 也可指对某事的细节加以“详述”,但主要指为了完善而“扩大”、“放大”、或
“扩充”材料、声音、信号等。在表示“详述”或“引申”的意思时,总是一个比较正式的用语。目前,人们多用这个词来指声音、电磁波、以及无线电信号等之“放大”。The engineer is going to amplify sound with the use of electronic equipment.工程师打算用电子装置来放大声音。A laser is a device that amplifies light and makes it brighter.激光器是一种放大光并使其更亮的装置。
3. aware
adj. having knowledge or understanding 意识到的;知道的
Their sudden attack made us more aware of the danger around us. 他们突然的攻击使我们更加注意我们周围的危险。
As you are well aware, there is a great competition on the part of both Germany and the
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United States. 正如贵公司所知道的,在这儿,德国货和美国货具有很强的竞争力。
[同义辨析] aware, conscious, familiar
aware adj.是一个使用得非常广泛的用语,着重指通过人的感官或智力对外界事物、自身
内部的情况、或客观条件是“知道的”、 “意识到了的”、 “认识到的”等意思,主要指感觉、察觉、或认识。这个词通常在句中只用作表语,而且多出现在be(become) aware of 和be(become) aware that两个句型中。The scientist was aware that he must keep an open mind towards the development of modern science and technology.这位科学家知道他对现代科学技术的发展不应持保守的观点。He is not aware of the dangers that may exist in his work.他不了解他工作中可能存在的危险。
conscious adj.着重指内心“意识到的”或“神志清醒的”。也可指通过感官对行动、事
态的情况、情感等方面是“有意识的”或“自觉的”。然而,其感官的能力限在最小的程度上,这也就是这个词与aware的主要区别。它可用作表语或定语。The scientists were conscious of their responsibility to the Party and people.这些科学家意识到了他们对党对人民所承担的责任。Man is a conscious living being.人是有感觉的生物。
familiar adj.是一个较普通的用语,它和名词 (家)都是来自拉丁文,可指对某事是“熟
知的”或“通晓的”;也可指对某人是“了解的”或“亲密的”;还可指人的态度是“放肆的”或“随便的”。在句中也可用作表语和定语。Be familiar with表示“熟悉”某人或某事。be familiar to指“为(谁)所熟知”。I?m quite familiar with Mary who is a friend of my sister.我对玛丽很熟悉,她是我姐姐的朋友。The designers should be familiar to a limited extent with manufacturing methods.设计师在一定程度上应熟悉制造方法。
4. unique
adj. 1) unusually good and special极不寻常的,极好的
This vocation he was offered a unique opportunity to watch the opening ceremony of the 29th Beijing Olympic Games.这次假期,他获得了一次难得的机会去观看第29届北京奥运会的开幕式。
The book is very unique in its content and picture.这本书在内容与图画上别具一格。
2) being the only one of its type唯一的,独特的,独一无二的 He?s caught the unique opportunity. 他抓住了那唯一的机会。 Each person?s voice is unique.每个人的嗓音都是不同的。
[同义辨析] unusual, exceptional, rare, unique
unusual adj.指那些不是平常的、没有能料想到的、或不平凡的事物是“稀有的”、 “异
常的”、 “独特的”、或“与众不同的”等。不但可用于人们认为是好的事物,而且可用于人们认为是坏的事物。The only evidence of anything unusual was an occasional earthquake.除了偶然有过地震,再没有别的证据能够表明这里曾发生过任何异常的事情。Such hot weather is quite unusual.这样热的天气是稀有的。 exceptional adj.也可指不平常的事物是“特殊的”或“异常的”,其出发点既可以是赞美,
也可以是批判。但它可以指非常优美的或最好的事物是“优越的”或“卓越的”,而unusual不能表示这个意思。Exceptional还可用来修饰具有天资或智力迟钝而需要特殊教育的孩子是“例外的”或“异常的”。The manager treated his employees with exceptional kindness.主任对他的职员们特别和气。The worker showed an exceptional disregard for detail in his work.那个工人对待工作特别马虎。
rare adj.指现在较少发现或很少发生的事物是“稀有的”、 “罕见的”、或“不常发生的”,并不管它们原来是否是普通的东西。也可指虽是常见的,但又是特别好的或优秀的人或事物是“珍贵的”或“杰出的”;还可指物质,特别是大气是“稀薄的”
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或“稀疏的”。Clear crystals of carbon-diamonds-are very rare.纯净的碳晶体——金刚石——是极为罕见的。Superconductivity is not at all a rare phenomenon.超导性并不是罕见的现象。
unique adj.指某种在种类上罕见的事物是“独特的”、 “唯一的”、或“独一无二的”。
过去这个词曾一度只限于表示“唯一的”这一个意思,不作rare和unusual的同义词用,现在有些优秀的作家还坚持这一用法。但实际上,特别是在非正式的场合,它常和上面的几个词混用。在口语中,它还可指机会、才能等事物是“珍奇的”、 “罕有的”、或“不平凡的”。并可直接用作名词。Unique types of noise in such areas often cause interference with desired geophysical information.在这些地区,一些特殊的噪音常对所需要的地球处理心理引起干扰。The problem is by no means unique to this company.这个问题决不是这个公司独有的。
5. ideal
adj. 1) the best or most suitable that something could possibly be最好的;理想的
It is ideal weather for a holiday.这是一个理想的假日天气。 It is an ideal day for a picnic. 这是一个出外野餐的理想日子。
2)as good as one can imagine, but not likely to be real想象的;理想化
He is looking for a wife but he hasn?t found his ideal mate. 他正在寻找未来的妻子,但还没有找到理想人选。
The facilities were not ideal but we managed as best we could. 设备不理想,但我们已经尽了最大的努力。
n. [C] idea, example, looked upon as perfect 理想;理想的东西
Her breadth of experience makes her ideal for the job. 她经验丰富, 最能胜任这项工作。
Knighthood was an ideal in medieval Europe. 在中世纪的欧洲,骑士是一种风范。
6. forum
n. [C] a place where people publicly discuss something 论坛;讨论会
The letters page of this newspaper is a forum for public argument. 这份报纸的读者来信栏是公众意见的论坛。
There was a forum where meetings were held. 那儿曾是集会的场所。
7. remove
vt. 1) get rid of something so that it does not exist any longer消除
When the meat is boiling, remove the scum. 当肉煮沸时,把浮在上面的浮渣撇掉。 How can we remove the husk of the grains? 我们怎样去掉谷物的外皮?
2) take something away from the place where it is移开,挪走 He removed the mud from his shoes. 他去掉鞋上的泥。
Our office has removed to Shanghai from Beijing. 我们的办公室已从北京迁到上海。
n. stage or degree阶段;程度
The X-ray operator works at a safe remove in a separation room.手术室里,X射线操作者会在安全距离外工作。
He is only a few removes from success.他离成功不远了。 [同义辨析] remove, dismiss, discharge, release
remove vt.& vi.指“排除”或“消除”废物、杂质、油迹、暗礁等有形的东西,以及疑虑、
威胁、不良印象等无形的东西。也常指“撤消”某人的职务。用作不及物动词时,还可指某人“搬家”或“迁移”等。Iron ore often contains small amounts of other materials which must be removed when the ore is smelted.铁矿石中通常含有少量的其他金属,在冶
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炼矿石也必须除掉。The molecules return to their original position after the force removed.力消失后,分子又回到原来的位置。
dismiss vt.& vi.指“消除”或“排除”的意思时,似乎很少用力。但是它的含义比remove
较多,可以指“排除”一般的事物,也可以指在下课或集会后,人们被“解散”。还可以指上级“开除”、“解雇”、或“撤消”职员、工人、学生等。在比喻的用法上,可指从内心“摒弃”某种因素、概念、想法、疑虑等。The workers were dismissed for lunch.工人们解散了去吃午饭。They dismissed the idea of making such an experiment.他们打消了作这样一个实验的想法。
discharge vt.& vi. 主要指“排出”、 “放出”、或“射出”气体、液体、电流等。也可
指将货物从船上“卸下来”等。The water is discharged into the lower reservoir where it is stored instead of being led away.水排入下面那个水库,在那儿储存起来,而不是放掉。Lightening is caused by clouds discharging electricity.闪电是由云层放电造成的。
release vt.表示“allow to go or set free”,即“释放”或“解放”的意思;也可表示“发布”
(新闻)或“发行”(影片)的意思。含有从束缚中开脱的意味。When fuel is burnt, the gas is released.燃料燃烧时,气体就被释放出来了。the doctor tried to release the worker from his suffering.医生曾努力解除那个工人的痛苦。
8. visual
adj. relating to seeing 视觉的
Her designs have a strong visual appeal. 她的设计在视觉上很有感染力。
He has a good visual memory. 他有良好的视觉记忆力。
9. barrier
n. [C] something that prevents somebody from doing something or limits what they can do障碍
The Sahara Desert is a natural barrier between north and central Africa. 撒哈拉沙漠是北非与中非之间的天然屏障。
The horse took the barrier easily. 那匹马轻松地越过了障碍。
[同义辨析] boundary, bounds, border, barrier, frontier, limit
boundary n.主要用在领土及地图上表示“边界”或“分界线”。也可用来比喻知识、欲望
等抽象事物的“界限”。如:boundary light(机场的界限灯);a common boundary(共同的疆界);beyond the boundary of…(超出??的范围)等。A boundary dispute is a quarrel about where a boundary is or ought to be.边界纠纷就是关于界线在何处或应在何处之纷争。If something is beyond the boundary of human knowledge, man can know nothing about it.如果某事超出人类知识的范围以外,人类对它就一无所知。
bounds n.常和boundary通用,其细微差别是:这个词所表示的“界限”不十分明确,而
且作比喻用的较多。尤其是在指宇宙的境界时,要用这个词。如:out of bounds(禁止入内);break bounds(超出界限)等。Is it within the bounds of probability?这件事是在可能的范围以内吗?There are no bounds of human knowledge.人类的知识是无止境的。 border n.通常强调两个地区之间的“边境”,指沿境界线一带的土地,并可以指有些事物
的“边缘”。国与国水境或海里的海岸线界限通常用boundary来表示;而以一条河或一座山所表示的界限则用border来表示。Border所表示的概念通常没有boundary精确。It is not always to establish a meaningful border line between geology and geophysics.总是不容易在地质学和地球物理学之间划分明显的界限。Those geologists camped on the border of the lake.那些地质学家在湖边扎营。
barrier n.这个词是由bar(横木)的意思引申为“境界”的意思的。它的主要意思是“障
碍物”或“阻碍物” The ice skater rammed into the barrier. 溜冰者撞到护栏上了。The
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crowd linked arms to form a barrier.群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。
frontier n.通常专指一个国家的“边境”,往往是由内部观点来叙述一国的“边界的”。
这个词也可指沿一条未定界线而实际处于一个已定界地区内的那部分土地。它也可表示科学文化的“尖端”或“新领域”。如:a town on the frontier(位于边区的城市);frontier guards(边防战士);the frontiers of medicine(医学尖端)等。The geologist?s family is being encouraged to settle the frontier.人们正在鼓励那个地质学家将家安置在边境地区。Keep your eye on this frontier; steam heat from the earth may one day help keep you warm.请密切注意这一新的领域,有朝一日来自地球的蒸汽热可供你取暖。
limit n.这是这组词中最常用的一个词。可用来指有形物的“界线”,也可用来指无形事物
的“边界”。既可用来指最大的“极限”,也可用来指最小的“极限”。在科技英语中用的非常频繁。如:the danger limit(危险界限);the limits of one?s ability(能力的限度);without limit(无限)等。Computers are the most efficient assistants man has ever had and there seems to be no limit to the way in which they can be used to improve our lives.计算机是人类效率最高的助手,用它们来改善人们生活的前景看来是无限广阔的。Because of air resistance, there is a limit to how fast an object falls.由于空气的阻力,物体下落的快慢有一个极限。
10. hinder
vt. make it difficult for somebody to do something, or for something to develop阻碍;妨碍;
阻止
The crowd hindered him from leaving. 人群使他无法脱身。
Heavy snow hindered the construction work. 大雪妨碍了这项建筑工程的进行。 [同义辨析] hinder, obstruct
hinder vt. & vi. 特指“阻碍”或“妨碍”某人或某事物延误或减慢其运动的速度。方式可以是积极干扰,也可以是通过偶然的行动或意外的情况。Bad weather hindered the important test.恶劣的气候妨碍这次重要试验的进行。Don’t hinder the chief engineer in his work.不要妨碍总工程师的工作。
obstruct vt. & vi. 这是语气较重的一个用语。不仅可以指“阻碍”, “阻挡”、或“阻止”某人做某事,而常指通过在路上设置巨大的无法搬动的障碍物来“阻塞”或“堵塞”交通。也指在议事或谈判进程中以故意拖延时间等办法来设置障碍。The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock.山路被落下的石头阻塞了。Lack of funds obstructed the project.缺乏资金阻碍了该工程的进行。
11. addition
n. 1) the act of adding something to something else添加
In addition to a diet, she pursues various exercises on TV. 节食以外她还随电视做体操。
In addition to an album, I gave him a pen and a pencil. 除了一本照相簿外, 我还给了他
一支钢笔和一支铅笔。
2)something that is added to something else增加物
Ann will be a very useful addition to our team. 安来到我们队给我们增加了一员干将。 A newly born child is often called an addition to the family.新生婴儿常常被说成是家庭中新添的成员。
3) together of several numbers(几个数字的)相加;加法
Addition and division are forms of computation. 加法和除法都是计算方法. The little girl is not very clever at addition. 这个小女孩不太善于做加法。
[扩展] additional adj. additionally adv. 12. reflect
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