国际贸易实务期末考试复习资料(6)

75. F Using a third currency in collecting payment is the best protection against currency risk for the seller.

解：为尽可能地回避因汇率波动而带来的风险,应选择一种比较稳定的“硬货币”作 为支付货币,而未必是第三国货币。

76. T Since under L/C the seller gets payment from a party independent of the buyer, it is the safest mode for him.

解：信用证条件下,卖方是直接从银行获得货款,而无须考虑买方是否能够或愿意支 付。因此这种支付方式对于卖方来说最保险。

77. T Open account and payment in advance indicate the minimum and maximum risk for the importer.

解：寄售(open account)通常是指卖方把货物委托给买方代为销售,货物卖出后或定期 再收取货款,销售期间货物的风险仍由卖方承担。这种方式支付买方的风险最小。而预付 货款(payment in advance)则要求买方在收到货物之前把货款全部付清,这种方式支付买方 的风险最大。

78. F Dishonour only refers to the rejection to the presentation for payment, but not rejection to the presentation for acceptance.

解：拒绝支付或拒绝进行承兑都统称为拒付。

79. T Under collection though the seller collects payment through banks, it is not guaranteed that he will receive the money as collection is still based on commercial credit.

解：托收是通过委托银行协助收取货款,银行不承担必须收到货款的责任。所以它还 是基于商业信用的一种支付方式。

710. F In international trade clean collection is more frequently used than documentary collection.

解：光票托收是指卖方已将相关商业单据寄给买方,而只用一张汇票通过银行向买方 收款。这种方式一般在关系非常熟悉的贸易商之间使用,不很普遍。贸易实务中跟单托收 的方式使用更普遍。

81. F Since stipulations concerning documents may not appear in every contract, documents are not so important in an international trade transaction.

解：虽然合同不一定有关于单据的规定,但是,在国际货物贸易中,单据是卖方履行合 同责任和义务的凭证之一,起着十分重要的作用。

82. F Export documents should be made out based on the information of either the sales contract or the L/C.

解：买卖合同是制单的基本依据。在出口托收或汇付业务中,所有单据的制作首先以 买卖合同为依据。此外,信用证项下出口时,虽然以信用证条款为依据,但有些项目,尤其是 信用证未作明确规定的,也必须参照合同条款。

83. T The commercial invoice serves as a record of the essential details of a

transaction.

解：商业发票是出口方向进口方开列发货价目清单,是买卖双方交易的记录,也是记 账的依据,也是进出口报关交税的总说明。商业发票是一笔业务的全面反映,内容包括商 品的名称、规格、价格、数量、金额、包装等,同时也是进口商办理进口报关不可缺少的 文件,因此商业发票是全套出口单据的核心,在单据制作过程中,其余单据均需参照商业发 票缮制。

84. F Export is possible only after the commodities have been inspected. 解：属于法定检验的出口商品,未经检验合格者不得出口；未向商检机构报验或检验 不合格的不能获海关验放,即使进口也不准销售与使用。但不属于法定检验的出口商品, 不一定要经过检验才允许出口。

85. T Commodities are not allowed to be loaded on the ocean vessel until they have been cleared for customs.

解：对于一般出口货物,在发货人或其代理人如实向海关申报,并如数缴纳应缴税款 和有关收费后,海关在出口装货单上盖“海关放行章”,出口货物的发货人凭以装船起运 出境。

86. F A Booking Note is a form which is to be filled out by the carrier providing all the necessary particulars about the shipment to facilitate booking shipping space or chartering.

解：定舱单是托运人(一般是出口商)向船公司订舱位时所填写的单子。要注明货物 重量、体积、件数、出运货物的品名、发货时间、发运港、目的港以及发货人与收货方 的公司资料等。

87. T The amount of a bill of exchange (draft) must be exactly the same as the amount shown in the relevant commercial invoice.

解：汇票(bill of exchange, draft)是出票人签发的,委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日 期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。而商业发票是出口方向进口方开 列发货价目清单,是买卖双方交易的记录,也是记账的依据。因此,汇票金额一般与发票金 额一致。

88. F If there is a discrepancy between the amount of a draft and the L/C amount, this draft is not acceptable to the issuing bank.

解：一般情况下汇票金额应与信用证一致。但指定银行(一般是指交单行)按照开证 行的指示也可以接受大于信用证金额的汇票,但不得超额议付。如溢短装情况下,不可以 超过信用证金额,但可以少于信用证金额,或在分批装运情况下可以少于信用证金额,但各 次装运金额之和不超过信用证总计金额。因此,汇票金额可以等于也可以小于信用证金 额。

89. T According to UCP600 Art 18, commercial invoice must be issued by the beneficiary named in the L/C.

解：UCP600 第十八条,商业发票必须由受益人出具。

810. F A certificate of origin can be used to prove the time when the export commodities were produced.

解：原产地证主要供进口海关掌握进口货物的原产地国别,以采取不同的国别政策； 同时也是决定进口税率的依据,或对某些国家或某些商品采取控制进口额度的依据。

91. T Reasons resulting in disputes in international trade can be classified into three categories: breach of contract by the seller, breach of contract by the buyer and breach of contract by both the seller and the buyer.

解：此题正确。 在国际贸易中产生争议的原因很多,大致可归纳为三类：1.卖方违 约,如不按合同规定交货,或所提供的货单种类不齐、份数不足等。2.买方违约,如在信用 证项下不按期开立信用证,不按合同付款,无理拒收等。3.买卖双方均负违约责任,如合同 条款不明确,致使双方理解或解释不统一而引起纠纷,或在履约中,双方均有违约行为等。

92. F One of the ways to stipulate period for claim is: “Claim should be filed within 90 days after shipment”.

解：此题为错。合同中对索赔期限的规定一般以货物到达目的地而不是装运地开始 起算,即在货物抵达目的港后一定时间内索赔人可以提出索赔,超过此期间索赔无效。通 常有以下几种起算方法：1.货到目的港后 xx 天起算；2.货到目的港卸离海轮后 xx 天起 算；3.货到买方营业出所或用户所在地后 xx 天后起算；4.货物检验后 xx 天起算。

93. T The best way to stipulate force majeure events in the force majeure clause of a contract is to stipulate them in a synthesized way.

解：此题正确。 在我国进出口合同中的不可抗力条款,基本上有三种规定的方法： 1.概括式,即在合同中不具体订明哪些事故是不可抗力事故,只做概括的规定。2.列举式, 即在合同条款中明确规定哪些意外事故是不可抗力事故,凡合同中没有列到的,均不能作 为不可抗力事故处理。3.综合式,即将概括和列举两种方式结合使用,这种方法既明确,又 有一定的灵活性,比较科学实用,故多采用此种规定的方法。

94. F The arbitration award is final and binding on both parties, therefore should be executed without any doubt.

解：此题为错。虽然仲裁法规定仲裁的裁决(award)是终局性的,对双方当事人都有约 束力,必须依照执行,任何一方都不许向法院提起起诉要求变更。但是如果当事人对仲裁 的程序有异议时,可以向法院提起诉讼。如果法院查处裁决在程序上有问题,有权宣布裁 决无效。

95. F There are main two types of arbitration body: governmental and nongovernmental.

解：此题为错。国际贸易中的仲裁,可由双方当事人约定在常设的仲裁机构进行,也 可以由双方当事人共同制定仲裁员组成临时仲裁庭进行仲裁。仲裁庭通常是由国家或国 际组织设有,没有非官方机构之说。我国常设的仲裁机构主要是中国国际经济贸易仲裁委 员会和海事仲裁委员会。官方和非官方两种机构之说应该是指商品检验机构而言。

96. T Inspection on import and export commodities in China falls into two categories: statutory inspection and non-statutory inspection.

解：此题正确。我国进出口商品检验分法定检验和非法定检验两种,前者是对列入《种 类表》的商品及其他法律、法规规定必须经过商检机构或者国家商检局、商检机构检验 的商品进行的检验。后者是对除此以外的其他商品的检验。

97. F If a claim is well supported, the claimant shall pay a fine, a certain percentage of total contract value.

解：此题为错。题中指出索赔人(claimant)会支付罚金是错误的,正确的应该是被索赔 人(claimee)。在买卖合同中,索赔人通常是买方,而被索赔人通常是卖方。在国际贸易中, 买方索赔正当、及时而且材料充足、合理,能有助于及时得到赔偿,卖方赔偿的方式不只 局限于支付合同货款一定比例的罚金,一般可以按照下列方法解决索赔问题：1.同意买方 拒收货物,并按合同规定退还货款；2.根据货物的质量、损坏程度等降价处理货物；3.按 照合同中货物的规格、品质重新更换货物,等等。

98. T The main ways to settle disputes in international trade are negotiation, mediation, arbitration and litigation.

解：此题正确。在国际贸易中 , 买卖双方发生了贸易纠纷 , 应当采用友好协 商 (negotiation)的办法来解决,当协商不能解决时,在争议双方自愿的基础上,由第三者出面 从中调解(mediation),如调解失败,可采用仲裁(arbitration)的办法,由仲裁庭按照仲裁规定 和程序进行仲裁,直到做出终局裁决。如果双方当事人的任何一方不愿用上述方法,或协 商调解失败而又不愿诉诸仲裁庭,则可单方出面向法院提起诉讼。

99. F When a force majeure event takes place, the party concerned has no choice but to terminate the contract.

解：此题为错。发生不可抗力事件后,双方应按约定的处理原则和办法及时进行处理。 不可抗力的后果一般有两种:一种是解除合同；另一种是延期履行合同。究竟如何处理, 应视事故的原因、性质、规模及其对履行合同所产生的实际影响程度而定。

910. F The arbitration tribunal has the power to decide that the losing party shall pay the winning party the arbitration fee incurred in dealing with the case.

解：此题为错。有关仲裁费由谁来负担的问题,通常在合同的仲裁条款或仲裁协议中 有明确的规定。费用一般先由申请人在提出仲裁申请时预交,然后,在仲裁终结时,根据仲 裁结果确定费用的最终承担者。根据我国《仲裁法枠和枟仲裁委员会收费办法》的规定, 当事人仲裁费用的承担一般有以下两种情况：1.一方当事人完全败诉,败诉的当事人承担 全部仲裁费用。2.当事人部分败诉、部分胜诉的情况下,当事人按比例分摊。这一比例根 据双方当事人责任的大小来确定。

Ⅳ. Short questions

21. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?

答：The seller.

22. Who pays for unloading under CIF? 答：The buyer.

23. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?

答：?Similarities: ①The seller?s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship?s rail. ②The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. ③The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. ④All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.

?Differences: ①FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; ②CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; ③CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer?s risk.

24. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?

答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller?s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.

25. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?

答：?Major similarities: ①The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. ②

The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.

?Difference: ①CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. ②Under CPT the seller?s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the

seller?s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship?s rail.

26. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?

答：?Major similarities: ①The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. ② The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation. ③

The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer?s risk.

?Difference: ①CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport. ②Under CPT the seller?s risk will be transferred

to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller?s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship?s rail.

27. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?

答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially

in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.

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