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附录
E-Business is the application of Internet technologies to processes. However it is more than information technology tools or straight e-Commerce. it also implies that the organization, especially its managers, are willing and receptive to radical changes that such new business techniques and tools bring. It implies organizational process and organizational culture re-engineering, for a true transition into the new economy. Its benefits come not just from the efficiencies and automation of a company, s internal processes but from its ability to spread the efficiency gains to the business systems of its suppliers and customers.
An e-enterprise(participating in e-business) is defined as ab enterprise prepared to conduct commerce in this new economy. This means it has created and embraced a business strategy informed by changing economics, new opportunities, and new threats. It has laid down the necessary technology infrastructure to support new business processes. It has used information technology to hone internal processes such as human resources, work flow management, and training. Thus prepared, the enterprise is able to conduct e-commerce:\commercial exchanged of value (money, goods, services, or information) between an enterprise and an external entity (an upstream supplier, a partner, or a down-streamer) over a universal, ubiquitous electronic medium.\
In order to appreciate the relevance of e-Business and its potential to impact on business and development, it is important to understand that e-Commerce and e-Business are more than just electronics and commerce / business added together. They represent an entirely new way of doing business (including that of government) over a medium that changes the very rules of doing that business. They are therefore far more about strategy and ,management that they are about technology. In order to appreciate the importance of e-Business , it is important to see it from the perspective of the transactional aspects of e-Business, those that represent the business between the different players.
Therefore, E-Business is taken as the extension of business on to the Internet; the re-engineering of business processes for digitizing of the transactions; the restructuring of the frameworks, both private and public to carry out the transactions seamlessly; and the development of the capacity in society and enterprises for this.
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The past two years have seen considerable changes in the environment for e-Business, in the technologies available and the way in which they are deployed. Some of these changes have slowed the pace of e-Business development, and there have been some highly publicized business collapses. Coupled with a major correction in April 2000, and the subsequent global economic downturn, some companies think that e-Business is no longer an issue-that it can be ignored, and that business can go on as it always has gone on. Such a belief is ill founded and dangerous.
E-Business continues to be one of the major issues facing business today. How quickly they adapt, how well they adapt, and how flexibly they respond to changes in technology, in business relationships and in customer behavior will determine their success, and indeed their economic downturn. Accenture analysis has shown that firms who use e-business effectively are able to generate revenue increases of 10% to 20% and cut costs by 20% to 45%. In an era when fires will be facing an increasingly competitive environment, it is essential that they adopt e-business to cut costs and to drive revenues.
Despite the economic slowdown, worldwide revenues from e-business should continue to grow strongly. eMarkerter, an Internet consultancy estimates that worldwide revenues are projected to grow to $6 trillion by 2009. E-Business growth will be stronger in Europe that in the US ,as Europe catches up.
Business-to-business (B2B) rather than Business-to-consumer (B2C) revenues account for the most significant element of e-business-to-consumer arena, it is now clear that business-to-business e-business provides the greatest opportunities for the enterprise sector. eMarketer estimated that the relative importance of business-to-business will grow from 69% of total European e-business revenues in 2000 to 86% of total European e-Business revenues by 2009. In the US, the relative share of business-to-business revenues will increase from 70% in 2000 to 90% of total e-Business revenues by 2009.
While more media attention has focused on companies that serve consumers, it is the use of e-Business within and between companies that is of real importance.the use of e-Business by companies to integrate their supply chains transaction costs and offers companies real tangible business benefits. For example,the use of e-Business in supply chain integration has
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led to inventory reduction of 25% to 60% ,and lowered overall supply chain costs by 25% to 50%. Therefore it remains critical that the enterprise sector continues to develop and implement e-Business strategies to build on their e-Business capabilities, and to seize on the real opportunities that information and communication technologies(ICT) offer to increase revenues and to reduce costs.
Without aiming to provide exhaustive or even comprehensive coverage of the issue, the following pages will address some aspects of technology use that have been particularly prominent in the e-Business arena in recent months and that will probably influence the development of e-Business in coming years.
The growth of broadband
The spread of broadband Internet access and related technologies is one reason for Internet traffic rapid growth. The spread of broadband is not only enabling existing Internet users to exchange information more easily, it is also attracting new users, some operators report that 30 to 50 per cent of their new broadband subscribers have never had an Internet subscription before.
Broadband availability has grown very fast in the past two years. Two dominant technologies have an almost equal share of the world broadband market; DSL (digital subscriber line) with 50 per cent, and cable with 45 per cent. How will the widespread adoption of broadband influence businesses? Fast Internet access is the main reason for subscribers to switch to broadband technologies. Because data flow faster and users waste much less time waiting for web pages to download, and because their connections are always on, broadband adopters tend to spend significantly more time online. At the same time, consumers will be able to seek more information, compare more options, or sample digital products.
Security issues
A secure environment is not any more essential for e-Business than it is for business in the physical world. Every commercial transaction involves a risk with which participants are normally familiar enough to judge whether the expected returns justify accepting the uncertainty of a potential loss. Even in the presence of considerable risk, if the expected
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returns are sufficiently high, someone majority of people, who tend to be more risk-averse than early adopters of technology, security in all its dimensions becomes crucially important. Internet users start to see the Web as a utility that is expected to be operational on a permanent basis and to post as little risk as water or electricity use.
Internet security problems can take multiple forms: spam, viruses, Web squatting, fraud, copyright violation, denial of service,unauthorized entry into corporate or personal computers and networks (and theft or manipulation of the information stored in them), privacy infringements, and fraud and harassment, among other possibilities. Some of these problems have acquired serious dimensions, and spam (unsolicited e-mail) is now proliferating at an alarming rate. In addition to spammers operating for financial or other profit, often form offshore ISPs, spam is often used to carry out denial of service attacks. A number of techniques are available to combat spam, although spammers are also becoming increasingly sophisticated. In a growing number of countries,Governments are considering or implementing anti-spam legislation.
Security incidents are not exclusively a problem of developed countries. Several developing countries that were targeted most often in digital attacks in 2002. However, attacks against government sites are less frequent than those against commercial entities, are driven by political factors, and have few economic consequences. Their most important effect may be that the media attention they attract helps undermine public confidence in the Internet in those countries where awareness of and trust in the Internet seem to be less advanced.
The development of web services
The concept of Web services refers to automated interaction over the Internet between computers managing different business processes, in such a way that they generate a \computers in which each machine is able to feed other machines the input they require and / or obtain from them the information it needs. This interaction occurs via software that is designed to use other software. Web services have the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of processes such as inventory control and routine purchasing. In the longer term, their use should extend to other business processes, as they enable seamless,automatic interoperability between the software applications used in running the various aspects of a
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business as well as with the applications of customers and suppliers.
Beyond that, Web services will be an essential part of an economy in which \will be increasingly important. Although the main impact of Web services will be in enterprise operations, there are also many possibilities for consumer-oriented applications. For example, Web services could be used to create virtual travel agents that give access to the reservation systems of airlines and railways, car rental companies and hotels, travel-related content providers, and so on.
Increasingly,e-Business is being regarded as a process that can make existing companies and Government more efficient in how they manage supplies, customers and internal business processes. Given the complexity of integrating e-Business into existing business processes,many organizations are incrementally ado[ting e-Business technologies in order to increase revenues and to reduce cost, the number of enterprises that are successfully implementing e-Business strategies is growing.
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