MSW management for waste minimization in 台湾(4)

1.Thesettingupofnumerousrecyclingsitesandthepro-motionoftheconceptofrecyclingtothepublic(envi-ronmentaleducation).

2.Restrictionsontheuseofdisposabledishes,andencour-agementofthepublictodevelopthehabitof‘‘wastenot,wantnot’’topromotewastereductionandrecy-cling(environmentaleducation).

3.Collectingrecyclingfeesfrombusinessesandapplyingthemtocallattentiontorecyclingwork(EPR).

4.Mandatingthatwaste-collectioncrewsofthelocalgov-ernmentperformwasterecyclingandreductionwork(C&C).

5.Mandatingpublicparticipationinrecyclingandrefusingtocollectwastefromthosewhodonotcooperateinsortingandrecycling(C&C).

3.3.Mandatorywasterecyclingbylaw

Thelocalgovernmentissuedo cialannouncementstofollowmandatorywasterecyclingaccordingtotheWasteDisposalAct.TheActrequiredthepublictotakeitsrecy-clablewastetowaste-collectioncrewsorscrapprocessors.InaccordancewithArticle23,Paragraph2oftheWasteDisposalAct,peoplewhothrewoutrecyclablewastewithgeneralwastewouldbe nedNT$1200–6000(US$1=NT$32),andthewaste-collectioncrewscouldalsorefusetoacceptthesemixedwastes.

TheTEPAoncemorerevisedthemandatoryrecyclingsystemoftheWasteDisposalAct.Newamendmentsmadeitmandatoryforwaste-collectioncrewstorecycle12gen-eralwasteitems.Thewaste-collectioncrewswererequiredtosorttheserecyclableitemsandwereprohibitedfromdis-posingtheseitemswithgeneralwaste(seenextsection).Theearningsfromrecyclingwerethenusedtorewardtheorganizationgroups,communities,andcollectioncrewswhichpromotedtherecyclingprogram.TheprincipleofrewardsandpunishmentwastoencouragethepublictoparticipateintheimplementationoftheMSWsortingandrecyclingactivities.

Table6

WastereductionandrecyclinginTaiwan(TEPA,2003)Year

Totalrecycling(tons)

Recyclingbylocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrews(tons)Totalrecyclingrate(%)

Recyclingratebylocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrews(%)TotalMSWquantity(tons)DailypercapitaMSW(kg)

1996–––––1.135

1997–

106,201––

8,880,7791.143

1998426,793129,1554.591.25

8,880,4871.135

1999637,351215,8646.881.94

8,565,7001.082

2000855,675477,8569.785.75

7,880,6370.977

20011,055,055584,33012.727.47

7,258,2360.893

2002––15.50–

6,764,9680.806

666L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

Table7

SummarizingtheenvironmentalmanagementtoolsduringthevariousstagesofMSWmanagementinTaiwanPeriod

MSWrapidgrowthperiod(1981–1989)

EnvironmentalmanagementtoolsValuablewasteisrecycledthroughmarketmechanisms;noenvironmentaltoolsimplemented(scrapcollectionsystem)Extendedproducerresponsibility(scrapcollectionsystem)

Recyclingenvironmentaleducation

ExtendedproducerresponsibilityRecyclingenvironmentaleducationCommandandcontrol

Mandatoryrecyclingbypublic

MandatoryrecyclingbywastecollectioncrewsExtendedproducerresponsibilityRecyclingenvironmentaleducationCommandandcontrol

PlasticbaguserestrictionprogramMandatoryrecyclingbypublic

MandatoryrecyclingbywastecollectioncrewsMandatorykitchenwasterecyclingEconomicincentive

Volume-basedcollectionfeesystem

Achievements

None;MSWvolumegrowsbyaverageof4.7%annually

Firstrecyclingperiod(1990–1997)

AverageannualgrowthrateforMSWdropsto3%MSWvolumedeclinesby30%;dailypercapitavolumefallsfrom1.143kgin1997to0.806kgin2002.

Secondrecyclingperiod(1998–2002)

MSWzero-wasteperiod(2003–2020)

Forecasted70%reductioninMSWvolumefrom1998to2020.

6.Settinguprestrictionsontheuseofplasticbags(C&C).7.Implementationofkitchen-wasterecycling(C&C).

8.Introductionofavolume-basedcollectionfeesystem(economicincentive).TheVCFsystemreducedtheaveragedailyMSWamountfromthe3695tonsin1999to2649tonsin2002,resultinginawastereductionrateof28.3%andanincreaseintherecyclingratefrom2.3%to23.0%.4.Thewayforward

3.6.Volume-basedcollectionfee(VCF)system,beguninTaipeiCityinJuly2000

Thevolume-basedcollectionfee(VCF)systembeganoperatinginTaipeiCityinJuly2000.Thissystemman-datedthatwaste-collectionfeesbepaidbycitizens.Thesefeesrepresentapolluter-paysystem.Inthepast,TaipeiCityassessedwaste-collectionfeesbasedonhouseholdwaterusageatarateofNT$4(US$1=NT$32)foreachtonofwaterused.Althoughthissystemwasconvenient,becauseoftheindirectrelationshipbetweenwasteproduc-tionandwaterusage,itwasnotparticularlyfair.More-over,thefeewasnotreducedforthosewhoreducedtheirwaste,soindividualcitizenscouldnotbene tdirectlybyreducingtheamountofwastetheygenerated.Toeliminatethisshortcoming,theTaipeiCitygovernmentintroducedaVCFsystemanddiscontinuedthewater-fee-basedsystemonJuly1,2000.UndertheVCFsystem,citizenspurchaseanEnvironmentalProtectionBureau-authorizedgarbagebagforthedisposalofgeneralwaste.Thesebagsareeasilypurchasedatstoresthroughoutthecity.Penaltiesforthosewhomanufacturepiratedwastebagsincludepossibleprisonsentences.Citizensbene tdirectlybyreducingwasteandrecycling.Recyclablewasteisseparatedfromgeneralwastewhilegeneralwasteisdisposedofinthedesignatedwastebags.Thepriceof1kgpay-by-bag(mass-based)cur-rentlyisNT$0.45(US$1=NT$32)inTaipeiCityÕsVCFsystem.

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