MSW management for waste minimization in 台湾(2)

Containers,batteries,motorcycles/automobiles,batteries,tires,lubricants,electricalappliances,computerproducts,etc.

RecyclingFundManagementBoard

StructureOrganization

ParticipationImplementation

Privatebusinessoperatesonvolunteerbasis(DualesSystemDeutshland,DSD)

ManufacturersVolunteer

GreenDotorganizationandmanufacturers

Governmentappointedprivatebusiness(JCPRA)

ManufacturerswithpermitsDrafted

Collectedbygarbagepick-up rstandthenhandedovertorecyclingcontractorsforfurtherprocessing

Paytogovernment,accordingtothepublishedrates

Governmentpaystheamount,anditwasdeterminedbyopenbid

BytheJCPRA

Draftedmandatory

Governmentwastecollectioncrews,communities,school,andrecyclingindustry

Paytothemanagementboard,accordingtoEPA-designatedratesManagementboardpaysit,

accordingtothedesignatedratesBytheneutralthirdparties;throughouttheyear

PaymentmethodsSubsidymethods

PaytheGreenDotfeetoDSDDSDpaystotherecyclingcontractors

Auditing/certi cationmethods

Bytheneutralthirdparties;onceorseveraltimesannually

L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

Table3

Comparisonofrecyclingtonnages,ratios,andfeesforvariousrecyclablematerialsinGermany,JapanandTaiwanin2002(Chen,2003)CountryGermanyJapanTaiwanFeeratesc

Item

Weight(103metricton)Percentage(%)Weight(103metricton)Percentage(%)Weight(103metricton)Percentage(%)GermanJapanTaiwan

Glasscontainers249993140883.358.749.72.91.2–2.71.6

Metalcontainers31411489985.261.583.910.3–2.6

Aluminumcontainers42105

144·109cansb82.811.350.027.1–1.3

663

PETbottles590a8716040.14.56122.353a25.113

abc

StatisticonPETbottlesinfactisstatisticofplasticintotal.Thealuminumcanswereaccountedbyquantity,notbyweight.Unit:NT$/kg(US$1=NT$32).

ThecompositionofMSWinTaiwanisshowninTable1(OECD,2002;TEPA,2003).Foodandgardenwastecom-prisesthehighestportion,followedbypaperandplastics.Table1alsocomparesthecompositionofMSWinTaiwanwiththecompositionsinothercountries.ThiscomparisonindicatesthatthecontributionofplasticsinTaiwaniscon-siderablyhigherthaninothercountries,almostdoublethepercentageinJapanandtheUS.

JapanandGermanyarethetwomostaggressivenationsintheworldwhenitcomestothepromotionofrecyclingandwastereduction.TaiwanfollowedGermanyÕsDualesSystemDeutschland(DSD)recyclingsystem(Vehlow,1996)andstarteditsownrecyclingprogramin1989.AcomparisonofrecyclingsystemsinJapan,Germany,andTaiwanisshowninTable2.TheresultsofthesesystemsarecomparedinTable3(Chen,2003).

3.ReviewanddiscussionofMSWmanagementinTaiwanTaiwanissmallanddenselypopulated,withover22millionpeopleinhabitingatotalareaoflessthan36,000km2.Theaveragepopulationdensitywas628peo-ple/km2in2002.Thewaste-collectioncrewswhocollectandtransportwasteinTaiwanareemployedbylocalgov-ernmentagencies.Thesecrewswerecomprisedofatotalof19,082waste-collectionemployeeswith4889garbage

Table4

ThreestagesofMSWmanagementinTaiwanStages

1981–1989(Stage1)

1990–1997(Stage2, rst-periodofMSWrecycling)

Description

trucksin2002(TCEPD,2002).Sincethe1980s,theecon-omyhasgrowndramaticallyandpercapitaincomelevelshaveriseninTaiwan.Therefore,theamountofMSWgeneratedhasclimbedconsiderably.TheaveragedailyproductionofMSWpercapitainTaiwanincreasedfrom0.63kgin1981to1.14kgin1997.TheaverageannualgrowthrateintheamountofMSWisover4.78%(TDG-BAS,2001).

3.1.StagesofMSWmanagement

DuringthelasttwodecadesinTaiwan,MSWmanage-mentcouldbeseparatedintothreestages;adescriptionofthesestagesisgiveninTable4.Generallyspeaking,therewerenopoliciesonMSWreductionfrom1981to1989inTaiwan(Stage1ofMSWmanagement).TheinitialMSWrecyclingpolicywasbegunin1990.However,thedailypercapitaproductionofMSWstillincreasedrapidlyfrom1990to1997(Stage2,the rst-periodofMSWrecy-cling).TheMSWdecreasedsigni cantlyfrom1997to2002duringthesecond-periodofMSWrecycling(Stage3).Tai-wanhadfacedtheproblemofrapidincreaseinMSWdur-ingtheprevious20years.

TheinitialworkonMSWrecyclingandreductionwasstartedbyadoptingrecyclingsystemsfromdevelopedcountries,namelybyextendingandlegislatingtherespon-

1998–2002(Stage3,second-periodofMSWrecycling)

ThewastereductionandresourcerecyclingwerenotconsideredinthestrategyofMSWmanagement.AnnualMSWgrewatanaveragerateof4.7%duringthisstage.

TheTaiwanEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(TEPA)announcedtherequirementthatmanufacturersandretailersshouldberesponsibleforrecyclingthematerialsincludingthePETbottles,steelcans,aluminumcans,PS,PVC,PE,PP,asepticpackaging,glasscontainers,papercontainers,scraptires,

spentmercurycellbatteries,wasteagriculturalchemicalcontainers,spentlead-acidbatteries,wastelubricantoilandscrapmotorvehicles(Leeetal.,2000).

Therecyclingorganizationswereestablishedbymanufacturersandimporters,andwhichmustpaytherecyclingfeesintoarecyclingfundthatwouldbemanagedbythegovernment.(Leeetal.,1998).Inaddition,theMSWcollectionsystemandreduction/recyclingprogramswerecombinedbythegovernment.TheaveragedailypercapitaweightofMSWwasreducedfrom1.14kgin1997to0.81kgin2002duringthisstage.

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