MSW management for waste minimization in 台湾

WasteManagement26(2006)

661–667

/locate/wasman

Countryreport

MSWmanagementforwasteminimizationinTaiwan:

Thelasttwodecades

Li-TehLu

a

a,*

,Teng-YuanHsiaob,Neng-ChouShanga,Yue-HwaYua,Hwong-WenMa

a

GraduateInstituteofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,71,Chou-ShanRoad,10660Taipei,Taiwanb

DepartmentofTourismIndustry,Jin-WenInstituteofTechnology,99,Ann-ChungRoad,231TaipeiCounty,Taiwan

Accepted12October2005Availableonline7December2005

Abstract

Taiwanisthesecondmostdenselypopulatedcountryintheworld;its22.604millionresidents(2002)liveinanareaof35,967km2(628people/km2).TaiwanÕseconomyhasgrownrapidlyduringthelast20years,resultinginacorrespondingincreaseintheamountofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW).ThisstudydescribesandevaluatesthemunicipalsolidwastemanagementsysteminTaiwan.ThestudyÕsresultsindicatethattheamountofMSWbegantodeclineafter1997,whenthegovernmentenforcedaggressiveMSWmanagementpolicies.By2002,totalMSWproductionhaddroppedby27%,andtheaveragedailypercapitaweightofMSWhadfallenfrom1.14kgin1997to0.81kgin2002.SummarizingthesuccessfulexperienceofMSWreductioninTaiwan,themostimportantfactorwasthegovernmentÕscombiningoftheMSWcollectionsystemwithreduction/recyclingprograms.Thesecondmostimportantfactorwasthepolicyofextendedproducerresponsibility,whichlaidafoundationofrecyclingbyproducersandretailersandpromotedpublicrecycling.

Ó2005ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

1.Introduction

Municipalsolidwaste(MSW)managementisaglobalproblem.Discoveringhowtoutilizewastereductionandresourcerecyclingprogramse ectivelyhasbecomeaprior-ityinrecentyears(Annegrete,2001).Theincreasingpro-ductionofMSWhasreachedthepointatwhichchangesmustbemade,includingtheimplementationofwastemin-imizationprograms(AgapitidisandFrantzis,1998).MSWminimizationhasbeenplacedatthetopofthesolidwastemanagementhierarchy(BaiandSutanto,2002).MSW

Abbreviations:C&C,controlandcommand;DSD,dualessystemDe-utschland;EPR,extendedproducerresponsibility;GNP,grossnationalproduct;LCIA,lifecycleinventoryassessment;MSW,municipalsolidwaste;OECD,organizationforeconomiccooperationanddevelopment;PE,polyester;PET,polyethyleneterephthalate;PP,polypropylene;PS,polystyrene;PVC,polyvinylchloride;VCF,volume-basedcollectionfee.*

Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+886918135732;fax:+886223067783.E-mailaddress:luliteh@(L.-T.Lu).

0956-053X/$-seefrontmatterÓ2005ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.10.005

minimizationconsistsoftwobasicoperations:sourcesreductionandrecycling(Hopperetal.,1993).

ToassessMSWmanagementsystems,asimpleindicatortosimulatethee ectsofMSWmanagementsystemsacrossdi erentregionswasadopted.Assessmentofanoptimalwastedisposalsystemshouldutilizeanumberofstandardindicators(Hasomeetal.,2001).Wilson(2002)evaluatedthestrategies,systems,operations,andeconomicfactorsofMSWmanagementsystemsinothercountries.Wilsonadoptedthelifecycleinventoryassessment(LCIA)tocom-pareenvironmentalloadingsfordi erentregulationspro-posedforMSWmanagement.ChinaÕswastedisposalissuesincludesoil,air,andwaterpollution;mixed-wastecollection;impropermanagement;inadequateequipmentandtraining,andthepublicÕslackofunderstandingofthedisposalsystem(Wang,2001a).Thee ectoftheseunre-solvedissuesisthatnearlyhalfofChinaÕswasteisbeingdumpedontheoutskirtsofcities,resultinginsubstantialenvironmentalpollution(Wang,2001b).Inaddition,adescriptionandanalysisofMSWmanagementinTaiwan

662

L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

wasneededandfewstudiesfocusedonthisissue.ThispaperanalyzesMSWmanagementinTaiwanduringthelasttwodecades,evaluatesthepolicyofwasteminimiza-tion,andidenti esfuturechallenges.

parisonofMSWmanagementpolicybetweenTaiwanandothercountries

ReviewingtheamountsofMSWproducedinorganiza-tionforeconomiccooperationanddevelopment(OECD)countriesrevealsthattheamountofwastegeneratedpercapitaperdayinTaiwanwasbelow1kgin2000,whileinallotherOECDcountriestheamountexceeded1kg.InAsia,betweenSingapore,HongKong,SouthKorea,andTaiwan,Taiwanwasalsothelowest(OECD,2002).Fig.1,comparesMSWproductioninselectedcountriesfrom1980to2000(OECD,2002).Theresultsshowthatothercountrieshavealsoexperiencedamajorandrapidincreaseinwasteproductionoverthelast20years.Inaddi-tion,TaiwanÕsaccomplishmentsinreducingMSWareremarkablewhencomparedtoothercountries.

Table1

ComparisonoftheMSWcompositioninTaiwanandothercountriesin2000(OECD,2002;TEPA,2003)

Paper(%)

USAJapanKorea

NetherlandsHongKongSingaporeTaiwan

38332628272126

Foodandgardenwaste(%)23342539335031

Plastics(%)11137517622

Glass(%)5546317

Metals(%)8393334

Textilesandothers(%)1512291918209

Table2

ComparisonoftherecyclingsystemsofGermany,JapanandTaiwan(Chen,2003)

Germany

RecyclinglawsRecyclableitems

RecycleandWasteMaterialControlActContainers,appliances,vehicles,lubricants,batteries

Japan

Billofresourcesrecycling

Containers/packages,householdelectricalappliances,vehicles

Taiwan

WasteDisposalAct

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