MSW management for waste minimization in 台湾(3)

664L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

Table5

Comparingthe rstandsecond-periodsofrecyclinginTaiwan(TEPA,2003)PeriodDurationControl

First-period:managementbymanufacturesandimporters1989–1997

Governmentindicatedthescopeofresponsibility,

recyclableitems,recyclingproceduresandannualrecyclingquota

Auditingbyrecyclingorganization;supervisedbyTEPADeterminedbyeachrespectiverecyclingorganization

Second-period:TEPARecyclingFundManagementBoard

1997todate

Governmentdesignatedbusinessestopaytherecyclingfee,whichwasmanagedbytheRecyclingFundManagementBoard

Third-partyauditorappointedbyTEPA

DeterminedbyEPA,thefeewasbasedonthematerial,Auditingandcerti cationRecyclingfeerates

sibilityofmanufacturers(theextendedproducerresponsi-bilityprogram,orEPR)(seeTable4).

Inthesecondrecyclingperiod,theimportantchangesinvolvedamodi cationoftheEPRsystemof rst-periodMSWrecycling.Speci cally,manufacturerswerenolongerdirectlyinvolvedinrecycling.TheywererequiredtopaydisposalfeeswhoseratesweresetbytheTaiwanEnviron-mentalProtectionAdministration(TEPA).TheTEPAcombinedtherecyclingorganizations,whichhadoriginallybeenestablishedbymanufacturersandimporters.There-fore,thegovernmentbecamedirectlyinvolvedinrecyclingmanagement.Table5presentsacomparisonofthe rstandsecondstagesofrecycling.3.2.TrendsinMSWgeneration

StatisticsonMSWcollectedoverthelast5yearsrevealthatthedailypercapitaproductionofMSWfellfrom1.14kgin1997to0.81kgin2002,analmost30%reductioninthedailyproductionofMSW(Fig.2).

Theoretically,basedontheaverage3%rateofincreaseinMSWduringthesecondstageofMSW( rst-periodofrecycling),theproductionofMSWshouldhavereached1.33kg/capita/dayby2002inTaiwan.However,thedaily

volume,weightandrecyclingvalues

percapitaproductionofMSWwasactually0.81kg/capita/dayin2002.Therefore,theMSWreductionwas0.50kg/capita/dayandthereductionrateofMSWwas37%.Inaddition,Fig.2showsageneralcorrelationbetweenthebudgetforMSWandtheGNPfrom1985to1997.Thecor-relationbetweenaveragepercapitaGNPandamountofrefusecollectedandtransportedoverthethreestagesofMSWinTaiwanisshowninFig.3.TheresultsrevealthatthereishighpositivecorrelationinStages1and2,butnotinStage3.TheorientationofMSWgrowthwasconvertedin1997andMSWcouldbee ectivelyreducedandcon-trolledduringthesecond-periodofrecycling.

ThebudgetforMSWcontinuedtogrowafter1997eventhoughTaiwanÕsGNPslowed.Thekeypointofthisdramaticchangeistherecyclingfeecollectedfromman-ufacturers:withtherecyclingfund,thegovernmentbecameabletoundertakewastereductionandrecyclingactivities.Before1997,TaiwanÕsgovernmentlackedsu -cientfundstoperformtherequiredwastereductionandrecyclingactivitiesandwasonlyabletoprovideforthecollection,transportation,andtreatmentofMSW.How-ever,after1997policieschanged:althoughthegrowthofGNPslowed,thebudgetforMSWcollectionincreasedby2–3billionNTdollars(US$1=NT$32)everyyear.TaiwanÕsgovernmentstartedperformingwasterecyclingandreductionwork,resultinginadecreaseintheamountofMSW.Wecanthereforeinferthatbecause

L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667665

ofthewastereductionpolicythatbeganin1998,theMSWbudgetincreasedandtheamountofMSWdecreased,inspiteofthefactthatGNPgrowthslowed.IncreasedbudgetsandadecreasingamountofMSWattesttothegovernmentÕsdedicationtoimprovingrecy-clingduringthisperiod.

ThereasonswhythepolicyofMSWreductionwassuc-cessfulcanbelistedasfollows:

1.Mandatorywasterecyclingbylaw(describedinnextsection).

2.Mandatoryparticipationoflocalgovernmentwastecol-lectioncrewsinrecycling(describedinnextsection).3.Citizensbeganplacingtheirwastedirectlyintogarbagetrucks.Thetrucksstopatdesignatedpointsatdesig-natedtimes,allowingthepublictothrowwastedirectlyintothetrucks.Itwasthisnewmethodthatfacilitatedthesimultaneouscollectionofrecyclablewasteandgeneralwaste.Moreover,citizenscouldreducewasteontheirown.Thissystem rstoperatedinTaipeiin1996,andwasadoptedintherestofthecountryby1998.

3.4.Mandatoryparticipationoflocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrewsinrecycling

Since,thewaste-collectioncrewsofthelocalgovern-mentwereresponsibleforthecollection,transportation,andrecyclingofTaiwanÕsMSW,theTEPAuseditsrecy-clingfundtosubsidizetherecyclingwork.TheTEPApur-chasedtherecyclingtrucksthatthelocalgovernmentsused.Thesetrucksaccompaniedthegarbagetruckssothattherecyclablewastecouldbecollectedatthesametime.Thenumberofrecyclingtrucksoperatedbythelocalgov-ernmentwaste-collectioncrewswas2050in2002.Thelocalgovernmentshadsetup263storagesitesforrecyclablewaste.Eachlocalgovernmentdispatchedthecrewstopickuptherecyclablewastetwiceaweek.Theamountofrecy-clablewastecollectedbythewaste-collectioncrewsoflocalgovernmentwas584,330tonsin2001,whichamountedtomorethan55%ofthetotalrecyclingamount(seeTable6).3.5.Theevaluationofmanagementpolicyindi erentstagesofMSW

Theenvironmentalmanagementtoolsduringthevari-ousstagesofMSWinTaiwanaresummarizedinTable7.NumerousenvironmentalmanagementstrategieshavebeeninstitutedinTaiwan.Thewastereductionandrecy-clingmanagementworkhasreliedonthem.Inchronolog-icalorder,themanagementstrategieswereenvironmentaleducation,EPR,controlandcommand(C&C),andtheuseofeconomicincentivestoachieveitsgoalofMSWreduction.Adetaileddescriptionfollows:

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