托福阅读典型长难句分析120(6)

(It was in the cities that the elements…first appeared为强调句；破折号之后的部分是对前面elements一词的具体说明；attendant——伴随的) 正是在城市里，第一次出现了能够与现代资本主义联系起来的一些因素——货币与商业文件的使用代替了实物交换，以及随着社会混乱的增加，公开竞争代替了社会顺从和阶层，还有使用煤或水力的工厂的出现代替了用手工工具劳动的独立手艺人。

解析：强调句型，in plates of ：代替

主句：the elements first appeared in the cities

从句1：that can be associated with modern capitalism

从句2：the use of money and commercial paper, open competition and the appearance of factories 从句3：in place of barter

从句4：in place of social deference and hierarchy 从句5：with an attendant rise in social disorder 从句6：using coal or water power

从句7：in place of independent craftspeople 从句8：working with hand tools．

其中从句8修饰从句7中的craftspeople 从句7修饰从句2中的factories 从句6修饰从句2中的factories

从句5修饰从句2中的open competition 从句4修饰从句2中的open competition

从句3修饰从句2中的money and commercial paper 从句2修饰主句中的elements 从句1修饰主句中的elements

84.The older painters，most of whom were born before 1835，practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design．

(The older painters…practiced in a mode…and were securely established and fostered by…为句子主干)

老一代画家大多数出生于1835年以前，他们以一种经常是自学的方式和以风景画题材为主的形式作画。这些老画家是由当时美国艺坛上占统治地位的国家设计学院培养出来的，而且他们也在那里确立了自己的地位。

解析：

主句1：The older painters practiced in a mode often self-taught 主句2：monopolized by landscape subject matter 主句3：were securely established in

主句4：fostered by the reigning American art organization 从句1：most of whom were born before 1835 修饰结构1：the National Academy of Design

主句1，2，3，4是并列关系，用and并列 从句1修饰主句1的painters

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修饰结构1是主句4中的American art organization的同位语

85．Most important，perhaps，was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist，Thomas Cole，who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River． (倒装句：Most important…was that…=that…was most important)

也许最重要的是，他们都在某种程度上忠实地保持一种与美国第一位流行山水画家托马斯·科尔相一致的技巧和创作方式，后者是以描绘临近哈得逊河的恺特斯基尔山风景而建立其事业的。

解析：倒装结构Most important…was that

正确顺序：That they had all maintained a manner of technique and composition was most important 主句：That…was most important

从句1：they had all maintained a manner of technique and composition 从句2：who built a career

从句3：painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 从句4：bordering the Hudson River． 修饰结构1：with a certain fidelity

修饰结构2：consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist 修饰结构3：Thomas Cole

从句1是主句1后that引导的部分，也就是其中的主语 从句2是修饰结构2中的artist的同位语 从句3是修饰从句2中的career

从句4是修饰从句2中的scenery

修饰结构1修饰从句1的谓语maintain

修饰结构2修饰从句1中的technique and composition 修饰结构3是修饰结构2中artist的同位语

86．In 15 or 30 seconds．a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question，cannot detail the probable causes of the problem，and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others． (以and连接的并列句)

在15或30秒的时间里，发言人无法建立形成正在讨论的问题的历史背景；不能 详细阐述问题产生的可能原因；无法仔细审查几种建议以辩论哪一种更可取。

解析：

主句1：a speaker cannot establish the historical context 主句2：cannot detail the probable causes of the problem 主句3：and cannot examine alternative proposals 从句1：that shaped the issue in question

从句2：to argue that one is preferable to others．

主句1，2，3并列关系

从句1修饰主句1中的context 从句2修饰主句3的proposal

87．Recognizing the power of television's pictures，politicians craft televisual, staged events，called pseudo—events，designed to attract media coverage．

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(三个过去分词结构staged，called pseudo—events，designed to…都作定语，其中staged修饰events，called pseudo．events与designed to attract media coverage都修饰前面的staged events；craft——制作)

政治家们认识到电视画面的威力，因此精心制作旨在吸引媒体报道的经过故意安排的电视事件(被称为虚构事件)。

解析：

主句：politicians craft televisual

从句1：Recognizing the power of television's pictures 从句2：called pseudo—events

从句3：designed to attract media coverage． 修饰结构1：staged events

从句1修饰主句中的politicians 从句2修饰主句中的 televisual 修饰结构1是televisual的同位语 从句3修饰主句中的televisual

88．Now，scientists have data from satellites and ground—based observations from which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign． (介词提前的定语从句：from which，which指前面的data)

如今，科学家们根据来自卫星和陆基观察的数据得知，极光是发光原理类似于霓虹灯的巨大的电流释放。

解析：

主句：scientists have data from satellites and ground—based observations 从句1：from which we know

从句2：the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge 从句3：similar to that occurring in a neon sign

从句1修饰主句中的data

从句2作为从句1的宾语从句，表示科学家从data中的得知的内容 从句3修饰从句2整句

89．Outside the magnetosphere，blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind，a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field．

(倒装句：blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind…=the solar wind…is blasting toward the Earth) 在磁气圈的外围，太阳风暴——一个有着自身磁场、迅速移动的电离化气团构成的等离子体一极快地袭向地球。

解析：

主句： blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind

倒装结构，正常顺序为the solar wind…is blasting toward the Earth 修饰结构1：Outside the magnetosphere 修饰结构2：with its own magnetic field

从句：a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases

修饰结构1修饰整个主句

修饰结构2修饰从句中的ionized gases 从句是主句中solar wind的同位语从句

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90．Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration，from town and farm to city，within the United States．

(倒装句：Matching the influx…was a domestic migration…=a domestic migration…was matching the influx…) 19世纪晚期，与外国移民流入美国较大城市相媲美的，是美国本土移民从小镇和乡村到城市的国内迁移。

解析：

倒装，主干正常顺序是a domestic migration was Matching the influx of foreign immigrants…. 从句1：from town and farm to city， 从句2：within the United States

从句1，2共同修饰主干中的a domestic migration

91．The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories．

(and连接的并列句；过去分词结构needed to…作large concentrations of people的定语)

农业革命刺激了许多生活在乡村的人去城市寻找新生活，而且使较少的农民有可能养活不断增加的工厂需要用来提供劳动力的集中人群。

分句1：The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside 分句2：to seek a new life in the city 分句3：made it possible for fewer farmers

分句4：to feed the large concentrations of people

分句5：needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories． 1和2嵌套

3和4嵌套

4和5嵌套，5修饰4中的the large concentrations of people

1和3并列

92．The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask，for example，why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available． (The different uses…are of interest to anthropologists…为句子主干)

各个社会对这些材料的不同用途是人类学家所感兴趣的，例如这些人类学家或许会问，当两种东西都能够得到时，为什么一个民族会选择使用粘土而不是铜。 分句1：The different uses are of interest to anthropologists 分句2：to which societies put these materials

分句3：who may ask，for example， why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available．

1和2嵌套，2中的介词to应在put之后，2定语修饰1中的uses 3和1嵌套，3中的who引导的定语修饰1中的anthropologists

93.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically，the materials by no means determine what is done．

(三个what引导的从句，第一个作主语，第二个与第三个都作宾语；that至句末的部分作realization的同位语)

对人类学家有着特殊意义的是这样一种认识：尽管一个社会能够得到的材料可能在一定程度上限制或影响

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它在艺术上的作为，但这些材料绝对不能决定该社会所做的事情。

分句1：What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization

分句2：although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically

分句3：the materials by no means determine what is done． 2和3并列

1和2，3嵌套，2和3是1中the realization的同位语

94．As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health，it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy．

(复合句：as从句，主句中的it是形式主语，不定式结构to suggest that…是真正的主语，that引导的宾语从句的主干是every disease and condition…might be responsive to vitamin therapy) 由于维生素被认为是健康必需的食物成分，所以过去无有效疗法的每种疾病和状况都可能会对维生素疗法起反应这一建议变得很有吸引力。

分句1：As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health 分句2：it became tempting to suggest

分句3：every disease and condition might be responsive to vitamin therapy． 分句4：for which there had been no previous effective treatment 3和4嵌套，4修饰3中的disease and condition 2和3嵌套，2和3构成宾语从句 1和2并列

95．Here in lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine．

(倒装句Here in lay the beginning=the beginning lay here in，what引导的从句作of的宾语，修饰beginning) 这里面包含了医学中从对营养疗法价值无知到否认其价值这一过程的开端。 分句1：Here in lay the beginning

分句2：of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine． 1中是倒装，正常语序：the beginning lay in here 1和2嵌套，2修饰1中的主语the beginning

96．The flow of industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed．

(left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed=left the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed idle，其中idle做the loom…，the soap kettle …等宾语的补语)

工业之水已经流过，让织布机闲置在阁楼里，把煮皂壶送进了棚子里。

分句1：The flow of industry has passed 分句2：left idle the loom in the attic 分句3：the soap kettle in the shed．（省略） 2和3并列

1是2，3的原因

97．They are an example of a common theme in evolution，the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason--in this case，for flight．

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