托福阅读典型长难句分析120(4)

分句1：Implicit in it is…

分句2：that the medium has…

分句3：which sculptors must bring… 3和2嵌套 1和2嵌套

47．With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration，such as wooden African figures and masks，there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium． (there arose…是一个存在句)

随着世纪之交的手工艺运动和非传统灵感源泉(像非洲形体和面具)的发现，出现了一种亲自实践、亲手制作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。

本句为单句，with引导并列的两个短语作为伴随状态，真正的主语为a new surge

48．The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone，but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks，possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms．

(possibly so=possibly so that) 普通红隼单独栖息和狩猎，但较小的红隼群栖群食，很可能因此一只鸟可以从其他鸟那儿了解到在哪儿可以找到成群的昆虫。

分句1：the common kestrel… 分句2：but

分句3：possibly so… 分句4：where to… 1，2和3并列 3和4嵌套

49．In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States，they encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo，Hopi，and Zuni peoples．

(when引导定语从句，what引导的从句作moved into的宾语)

16世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，他们遇到了今天皮艾布鲁人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。

分句1：in the 1500s… 分句2：when…

分句3：what…

分句4：they encountered… 2、3和1嵌套 1和4并列

50．During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope，while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement．

(that指代前面的resolution，possible with a visible．1ight microscope作that的定语)

20世纪40年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，而X光显微镜的表现却没有改进。 分句1：During the 1940… 分句2：that… 分句3：while.. 1和2嵌套

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1和3并列

5 1．What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish，harmful or affected．

(what引导主语从句；that引导定语从句)

它们所做的就是从这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。 分句1：what… 分句2:is

分句3：that makes 1和2嵌套 2和3嵌套

52．Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false．

(out of…into…摆脱…，进入…；that引导的从句many of the values…are false作realization的同位语；we unquestioningly accept作values的定语) 讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误的。

分句1：Satire jars… 分句2：that many…

分句3：we unquestioningly… 2和3嵌套 1和2嵌套

53．With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectives．scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude．

(and连接并列句)

讽刺作品用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词滥调。

本句为单句，主语是satire,谓语为3个平行的动词：rearranges, scrambles, speaks… With 引导介词短语为伴随状态。

54．It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus，an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy． (that引导的从句作reminder的同位语)

它之所以存在，是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客气地提醒：他们活在一个充满陈腐思想、廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。 分句1：it has lived… 分句2：because readers… 分句3：that they lived… 1和2为并列 2和3为嵌套

55． Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them。nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity．

(特殊结构attribute to——赋予，归因于；nor放在句首引起倒装)

军人很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，普通公民也很少奉献他们的生命为人类无私地服务。 分句1：soldiers…

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分句2：that movies…

分句3：nor do ordinary citizens… 1和3并列

1和2嵌套

56．In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field，the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation． (what引导的从句作specializing in的宾语)

除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，研究人员还面临着关于原始材料的文献很少或者根本没有这一问题。

分句1：in addition to… 分句2：what may seem … 分句3：the researcher is… 分句4：that has little… 1和2嵌套 1和3并列 3和4嵌套

57.Moreover，the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best．

(句子主干是the degree…helps determine…，从句to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed作degree的定语)

而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪种喙的设计是最好的。

Hygiene

58.It was she，a Baltimore printer，who published the first official copies of the Declaration，the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies．

(It was…who为强调句；the first copies为前面the first official copies的同位语)

就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了《独立宣言》的最早的官方版本，即包括《独立宣言》签署者名字并因此预告所有13个殖民地的支持的早期版本。 分句1：it was… 分句2：who publish… 分句3：the first 1和2嵌套 2和3嵌套

59.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks，the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large，but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration，in this case the distance that light travels in one year.

与这些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距离远得难以理解，但它们也通过使用一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。 分句1：the distance… 分句2：but they too 分句3：that… 1和2并列 2和3嵌套

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60.The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert，mountain，and semiarid plain could pay a profit． (that引导的从句作skepticism的同位语)

主要原因是存在一种怀疑主义，人们怀疑途经如此富于挑战性、人口稀疏的大片沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的一条铁路能否获得利润。 分句1：the primary… 分句2：that a railroad… 1和2嵌套

61.The argument that humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense，at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group，seems fair．for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense．

(复合句，主句的主干是the argument…seems fair，其中从句that humans…had some number sense做argument的同位语)

人类甚至在史前已经有数字感，至少到有些物体被加到一小组里或者被拿走时能够辨别出“多了”还是“少了”的程度，这一观点似乎很合理，因为研究已经表明有些动物就有这样的意识。 分句1. The argument seems fair

分句2. humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense， 分句3. at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less 分句4. when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group 分句5. for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense． 1和5并列 2和3嵌套

3和4嵌套 1和2嵌套

分句1是前半句的主干，和分句5并列。分句2中包含一个插入结构：even in prehistoric times，分句3是分句2的状语；分句4是分句3的定语从句；分句2是分句1的同位语从句。

62.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals，vegetation，or materials adversely． (特殊结构such…as to——如此…以致)

空气污染物的一个有用定义是：一种直接或间接加入到空气里的化合物，其数量足以对人类、动物、植物或物质产生不利影响。

分句1.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere

分句2.in such quantities as to affect humans, animals，vegetation，or materials adversely 1和2嵌套

分句2是分句1的补语

63．The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century，including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers．

(awareness…was tied to tremendous growth…为句子主干)

公众对一段时间内一直在发生的社会变化敏锐的、不断增强的意识，与19世纪晚期通俗新闻的巨大增长(包括杂志和报纸在数量和发行量上的增长)紧密相连。

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分句1.The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century 分句2. had been taking place for some time

分句3.including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers 1和2嵌套

1和3嵌套

分句1是句子主干，分句2是分句1的同位语从句，分句3including现在分词是分句1中修饰tremendous growth的定语。

64．A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry，a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs，which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints． (被动语态)

已经使用照相测量法(一种通过照相获得测量数据的技术)对这些脚印进行了一项详细的研究，这种方法产生了一张显示脚印所有曲线和轮廓的照片。

分句1. A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry 分句2. a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs

分句3. which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints 2和3并列 1和2，3嵌套

1是主干，2和3都是1 : the prints using photogrammetry的定语：2是插入语，3是定语从句。

65．Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids，but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones． (特殊结构not merely…but also；比较结构)

因此脚印不仅仅为我们提供早期人类软组织的稀有印记，而且为我们提供了直立行走的证据，这些证据在许多方面比骨头分析所提供的证据更清楚。

分句1. Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids 分句2. but also with evidence of upright walking

分句3. that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones 1和2 并列

2和3嵌套

2中省略：Footprints provide；3是2的同位语从句

66．In fact，throughout the animal kingdom，from sponges to certain types of worms，shellfish，and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals． (从句that transplants…are accepted…作evidence的同位语)

实际上，从海绵到某些种类的蠕虫、有壳的水生动物和所有的脊椎动物(有脊柱的生物)的整个动物界都有证据表明，进入动物体的细胞或组织片断移植只有在来自基因上相容或关系密切的个体时才被接受。 分句1. In fact，throughout the animal kingdom，from sponges to certain types of worms，shellfish，and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column)， 分句2. there is evidence

分句3. transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals

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