线极化微带天线阵列的设计
摘要
微带、微波起源于上世纪中期,在上世纪末就已经展开了对实用天线的研究并制成了第一批实用天线,现在微带天线方面,无论在理论还是应用,都已经取得了很大进展,并在深度和广度上都获得了进一步发展。微带天线技术越来越成熟,其应用与我们的生活、军事、科技都息息相关。体积小、重量轻、剖面薄是微带天线优于普通天线的特点,并且它适合用于印刷电路技术大批量生产,所以能够制成与导弹、卫星表面相共型的结构。因此微带天线在军事、无线通信、遥感、雷达等领域得到了广泛的应用。但是根据微带天线自身的结构特点,仍存在一些缺点,例如频带窄、效率低、增益低、方向性差。解决这些问题的方法就是:将若干个天线单元有规律的排列起来,通过利用这些天线单元构成天线阵列,从而来提高天线的增益、增强天线的方向性。
本文在学习微带天线理论及微带天线阵列基本理论的基础上,利用高频电磁仿真软件HFSS对阵列天线进行仿真设计。设计了中心频率在5.8GHz的阵列天线,对天线的特性进行了深入细致的研究。分别对单个天线阵元和天线阵列进行了仿真,天线阵列的增益明显大于单个微带天线,且方向性更好。因此采用天线阵列的形式进行仿真并对结果中各相关参数进行对比分析差异,优化调整了相关参数。仿真天线的各项指标均达到要求,进行了对实物的加工,在微波暗室内测试出天线的相关参数并与设计指标、仿真结果进行比较,最终达到了设计要求。 关键词:微带天线 天线阵 方向性 增益 HFSS仿真
ABSTRACT
Microstrip, microwave, originated in the middle of the last century, in the end of last century has launched the research of practical antenna and made the first batch of practical antenna, the microstrip antenna has made breakthrough progress now, no matter in theory or application on the depth and width of further development, this new antenna has been increasingly mature, its application to our daily life, military, science and technology are closely related. Compared with the common antenna microstrip antenna with small volume, light weight, the characteristics of thin section, it can be made with missile and satellite surface phase structure, and suitable for mass production printed circuit technology. Therefore, microstrip antenna has been widely used in wireless communication, remote sensing and radar. However, according to the structure of microstrip antenna, there are still some shortcomings, such as narrow band, low efficiency, low gain and poor directivity. The way to solve these problems is to arrange a number of antenna elements in a regular arrangement, and make up the antenna array to improve the gain and direction of the antenna.
Based on the theory of microstrip antenna and basic theory of microstrip antenna array, HFSS is used to analyze the array antenna. The array antenna with the center frequency of 5.8GHZ is designed, and the characteristics of the antenna are studied in detail. The gain of antenna array is obviously larger than that of single microstrip antenna, and the direction is better. Therefore, the antenna array was used for simulation and the correlation parameters in the results were compared and analyzed, and the correlation parameters were optimized and adjusted. Simulation of the antenna of the indicators are up to par, the physical processing, and testing in microwave dark room to the related parameters of the antenna, and comparing with design index, the simulation results, finally reached the design requirements.
Keywords: miccrostrip antennas antenna array directivity gain HFSS simulation
目 录
第一章 绪论 ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 微带天线的发展、研究背景及意义 ................................................................................... 1 1.2 国内外研究现状 ................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 论文主要内容及工作 ........................................................................................................... 2 第二章 微带天线及其阵列基本原理 ................................................................................................ 4
2.1 微带天线的结构 ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 微带天线的基本原理 ........................................................................................................... 4 2.3 微带天线的馈电 ................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 天线的特性参量 ................................................................................................................... 8 2.5 功率分配器 ......................................................................................................................... 15 2.6 微带天线阵列 ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.6.1微带天线阵列的分类 ....................................................................................................... 17 2.6.2微带天线阵列的分析方法 ............................................................................................... 19 第三章 线极化微带天线阵列设计及仿真 ...................................................................................... 21
3.1 HFSS简介及仿真设计步骤 ................................................................................................ 21 3.2 天线阵列单元仿真 ............................................................................................................. 22 3.3 功分器仿真 ......................................................................................................................... 25 3.4 馈电网络仿真 ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.5 阵列天线仿真 ..................................................................................................................... 28 第四章 天线实物性能测试原理及结果 .......................................................................................... 33
4.1测试原理 .............................................................................................................................. 33 4.2测试结果 .............................................................................................................................. 34 第五章 结论 ...................................................................................................................................... 37 结束语 ................................................................................................................................................ 38 致谢 .................................................................................................................................................... 39 参考文献 ............................................................................................................................................ 40
1 线极化微带天线阵列的设计
第一章 绪论
1.1 微带天线的发展、研究背景及意义
早在上世纪中期,就有学者提出利用微带线的辐射来制成微带天线的概念。直到上世纪70年代,第一批实用微带天线才被研究者们制造出来,随后微带天线的应用在全球被广泛研究。直到上世纪末,在天线与传播会刊上刊登了微带天线专辑,微带天线才形成天线领域的一个分支。如今微带天线的研究理论已趋于成熟,在多个领域内大显身手。
与普通微波天线相比,微带天线有如下优、缺点[1]: 优点:
(1) 剖面薄、体积小、重量轻;
(2) 具有平面结构,可制成与导弹、卫星等载体表面相共形的结构; (3) 馈电网络可与天线结构一起制成,适用于印刷电路技术大批量生产; (4) 能与有源器件和电路集成;
(5) 便于获得圆极化,容易实现双频段、双极化等多功能。 缺点:
(1) 频带窄;
(2) 有导体和介质损耗,导致辐射效率降低; (3) 功率容量小;
1.2 国内外研究现状
国内外研究热点主要在以下几个方面:宽带拓展、增益提高、小型化设计。而且研究方法及内容已趋于成熟,可以通过改变介质板物理性质、贴片形状以及和其他元件集成来达到以上目的,所以微带天线阵列被越来越多的领域使用,
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