高中英语语法新思维
第一章 句法学习
句法学习是学好语法的前提和准备阶段，在语法学习中起着重要的作用。句法学习包括句子成分的学习和句子结构的学习。在分析和学习英语句子成分和结构的时候，我们可以结合汉语中句子成分和结构学习方法来展开和进行。 一、句子成分的学习： 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。
1. The sun rises in the east.（名词） 2. He likes dancing. （代词）
3. Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) 4. Seeing is believing.（动名词） 5. To see is to believe.（不定式）
6. What he needs is a book. （主语从句）
7. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语） 谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征
We study English. He is asleep.
表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征
1. He is a teacher. （名词） 2. It is me.（代词）
3. Five and five is ten. （数词） 4. He is asleep.（形容词）
5. His father is in. （副词） 6. The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语) 7. My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） 8. My ambition is to be a teacher. （不定式）
9. The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）
注意： 常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来) smell（闻起来）,
taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ... The sound sounds strange. Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
宾语：
1）动作的承受者-----动宾
I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）
-----How many do you need? ---- We need two. （数词） I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词----- 介宾
I think of her all the time. Under the snow, there are many rocks. I am afraid of walking in the dark alone. 3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.
宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语
1. We elected him monitor. （名词）
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高中英语语法新思维
2. We will make them happy. （形容词） 3. We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
4. Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） 5. Don‘t let him do that. （省to不定式）
6. Don‘t keep the lights burning.（现在分词） 7. I have my bike repaired. （现在分词）
8. He advised me to teach the boy. （带to不定式） 主补：对主语的补充和说明
He was elected monitor.（名词）
He was found singing in the next room.（动名词）
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （不定式） The beggar lay there, dead. (形容词)
Exhausted, I slid into my bed. ( 过去分词) 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子
1. He is a chemistry teacher.（名词） 2. He is our friend. （代词）
3. We belong to the third world. （数词）
4. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） 5. The man over there is my old friend. (副词)
6. The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) 7.The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
8. The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） 9. I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）
10. You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）
状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子, 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、
方式和让步
1. I will go there tomorrow.
2. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. 3. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. 4. He studies hard to learn English well.
5. He didn‘t study hard so that he failed in the exam. 6. I like some of you very much. 7. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 8. He goes to school by bike. 9. Though he is young, he can do it well. 10. Child as he is , he knows much 二、 句子结构的学习：
1、单句的五个基本句型
主语 ＋ 不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches. 主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 She likes English. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋主语补语 She is happy．
主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 She gave John a book．
主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry．
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高中英语语法新思维
2、句子的类型：
简单句：只包含一个主谓结构的句子(有时可以有并列主语或谓语)
All roads lead to Rome.
The man dressed in black seems to be a spy.
He is a famous professor in Shandong Normal University. He got up, dressed quickly, washed himself and went out.
并列句：并列句是由并列连词 (and, or , but …) 连接的两个或多个简单句。
Hurry up or you'll be late
Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.
He is a basketball fan, and his wife is a volleyball fan. 复合句：
复合句（Complex Sentence）由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
（1）主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。 （2）从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在
于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。 （3）复合句可分为：
1). 定语从句（The Attributive Clause）；
He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday 2). 状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）；
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. He must be ill, for he is absent today.
3). 名词性从句（The Noun Clause）
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees. That's why I want you to work there.
He made a promise that he would never come late. My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.
习题精练：
分析下列句子成分
1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you.
3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He made it clear that he would leave the city． 6. Trees turn green when spring comes.
7. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 8. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 9. All the students think highly of his teaching. 10. We need a place twice larger than this one. 11. He asked us to sing an English song. 12. We will make our school more beautiful. 13. Go back where you came from.
14. We must do whatever the people want us to do. 15. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 16. I‘ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
17. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
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高中英语语法新思维
18. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him． 19. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this month. 20. Mary handed her homework to the teacher.
根据要求翻译下面的句子:
主谓结构 （ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）
1. 你应当努力学习。2. 她昨天回家很晚。 3.那天早上我们谈了很多。
4. 会议将持续两个小时。 5. 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
6. 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 7. 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 8. 每天八时开始上课。 9. 这个盒子重五公斤。 10.五年前我住在北京。 主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 ）
1. 昨晚我写了一封信。 2. 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 4. 他还不会自己穿衣服。5. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 6. 不知道说什么好。 主系表结构 （主语 ＋系动词＋表语 ）
1. 我的兄弟都是大学生。 2. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。 3. 孩子们，请保持安静。 4. 这本书是有关美国历史的书。5. 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 双宾语结构 （主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ）
1. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 2. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？
3. 他把车票给列车员看。 4. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。 5. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 6. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ 复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ）
1. 他的父母给他取名为John。 2. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
3. 我们要使学校变得更美丽。 4. 他请我们参加做游戏。 5. 我要你把真相告诉我. 6. 明天我要找人来修理机器。 7. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 8. 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 9. 我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 10. 那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了。 11. 男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。 12. 我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 13. 他感到很难跟你交谈。
14. 我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 15. 我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 判断下面句子的种类：
1. I walked towards the window. 2. There were children in the street
3. That is what I want to say. 4. I opened the door and he went into the room. 5. Before the class, I will ask a question.
6. I believe that I can pass the university entrance exam. 7. The athlete who gets the gold medal will be well awarded. 8. They are all questions to which there are no answers.
9. What the police wanted to know was when you entered the room. 10. You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
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高中英语语法新思维
第二章 主谓一致
概念透析:
定义：主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。 方法指南： 主谓一致主要归纳为以下几种情况：
1. 就近原则--------- 谓语和最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致：
1)两个做主语的名词或代词由either …or , neither…nor , not only …but (also), or， not …but , whether… or 连接时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。 You or he is responsible for the task. Not only my parents but also I am invited to attend the concert. Neither my classmates nor my dad is in favor of my joining in the football team. 2) there be +并列主语 和here be +并列主语其中be 动词与后面的最近的名词保持一致。 There is a pen and two books on the desk. Here is a letter and a book for you 3)倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面被倒装的主语一致 He works well in the factory, so does she. On the top of the hill stands a temple. 2. 就远远则-----谓语动词的人称和数与最远（最前面）的主语保持一致：
1)主语后面跟as well as, with , together with, in addition to，besides， along with ，including ; except, but, not ，without，rather than…. 短语时谓语动词和最前面的名词形式一致
My mother as well as I is going to go shopping tomorrow. All students except Tom want to go hiking at the weekend. 2）each 做复数名词或代词的同位语，跟前面的 复数名词一致 We each want to go shopping at weekends. Our teachers each have a car.
3. 意义一致原则----指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，这时谓语动词用复数形式；或主
语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义，这是谓语动词用单数形式。 1）集合名词，作为整体时看为单数，强调个体时看作复数。
如：Group/class/committee/family/army/staff/team / audience …
My family are having lunch now. My family is a happy one. (Family强调个体) (family强调整体)
Our class is made up of fifty students. Our class are working very hard. His team is very strong. His team are talking with the coach. 2）单复数同形的词，根据句意来判断谓语的单复数。
如means, cattle, sheep, fish, Chinese , Japanese … Every means of solving the problem needs discussing.
3) 表示数目，时间，金额或距离的名词复数做主语根据意义将其看作整体谓语动词用单数。
Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book. 4）由and 连接的名词短语如果表示同一人或事物，如：the bread and butter (同一事物指“黄油面包‖)这时谓动用单数。再如fork and knife；soda and water；salt and water
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