托福必考加试(6)

old theory，然后现在的这些新研究如何支持或者驳斥这些theory，接着他想到可以写bird migrate at night，人们大多只看到大鸟，所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的，其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞（有问题出现，通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent）。后来他又想写一种不迁徙而是冬眠的鸟，又被老师拒绝了，老师说才15页的报告就不要那么折腾成这样，但是想法挺不错。最后老师希望他一周后再来一下，看一看他确定的方向。

\本篇文章要点： ?

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分析：本篇文章依然可以按照场景分类法进行整理总结，比如遇到些论文的场景，可能会出现论文材料的讨论，论文涉及的内容，论文上交的日期等等，听力前掌握好这些要点对于听力会有一定的指导性。 ??

本文涉及到的背景知识介绍：People think small birds do not migrate. But birds migrate at night and the small birds are under the wing of big wings. So they are invisible to people. Then the student wants to write a bird that not migrate but hibernate, but the teacher denies his idea. At last, the teacher hopes that he can come a week later and see his new topic.

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He cannot find sufficient material for the bird migration. But the teacher thinks it is impossible. They he wants to write some ideas from Aristotle. But the teacher says that her request is to apply their knowledge to accomplish the paper. So he should change the topic.

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LECTURE THREE

主题：拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐)Ragtime music

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内容简介：Ragtime介绍了一种流行于美国十九世纪左右名为ragtime的音乐，能够表现年青人的活力(spirit of youth)之类的，此乐流行是由于piano的关系，因为两者真是太搭配了。在那个年代，在各种场合都用钢琴。此乐当时流行程度，就像Rock & Roll在某一时期一样。（有问题出现，女学生说了一堆后，来了一句 I just don't get it，意思是要教授explain），还说piano 之所以当时那么受欢迎，一是因为它能与音律产生和谐，另一是因为当时它算一种财富地位的象征什么的symbol of wealth and status。再加上那个年代，大家都没钱，就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐，而piano声音够响亮，又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝，所以，两者相得益彰这个音乐年轻人很喜欢，因为很有激情。除了到处演出啊，park演出等不用钢琴，因为难搬（有考点出现，because of transportation problem）。同时，此乐也是 jazz的前身，因为演奏者不按牌理出牌，一首曲七个人弹，弹出七种调。这种ragtime

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音乐影响很远啊，例如现在的jazz就是从那发展来的。

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分析：本篇文章在用词上面可能会有一些难度，因为涉及到专业的音乐词汇，另外本篇中也涉及到了句子的语气语调的考察，这种考察一般会涉及到listen again题型中，这个题型和旧托福中的part a部分相似，可以参考旧托福中的part a部分的材料和总结进行复习。

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本文涉及到的背景知识介绍：Ragtime 拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐) Ragtime is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1899 and 1918. It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz. It began as dance music in popular music settings years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. A composition in this style is called a \3/4 time is a \

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Ragtime is not a \3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the \the effect \ragtime music: \applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as \Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number.

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LECTURE FOUR

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主题：大王花Rafflesia

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内容简介：教授一开始就介绍植物分类，提到分类中的species种，genus属，order目。说植物的classification 很难，一些特性比较特殊的植物特别是这个样子。提出植物的分类不能完全依靠它flower的形态和特性。提到Rafflesia(大王花)，开花石会散发腐臭的味道，以吸引蝇类传播花粉。她举了Indonesia的一种植物M，它的flower很特别，超级大（图片显示它的直径有一个手臂这么长，颜色为绛红），有难闻的味道，象什么肉，但是最后发现他们不是一个order 的。生长在很恶劣的环境中，其它的植物都不能生长（有题目出现：它生长在什么样的环境当中?） 这种植物有事物的来源，但是它还是会抓insect吃，因为它不能从土壤中得到足够的营养，所以要通过这种方式来获取所需的营养（有题目出现：为什么吃虫子）。然后教授说了它怎么抓虫的? 经过很长时间的研究，专家发现它和violet(紫罗兰)、willow(柳树) 等是属于一个order的，后提到幼时的violet，也会散发那种smell的。提到共存（有题目出现）有提到另一种南美洲的植物和它是同一目的，但是花很小，味道也不难闻，与蓝莓共生coherent。学生提问不能测DNA吗，教授说这种大花基本不进行光合作用，没法提取一般植物能提取到的DNA。在DNA分析技术成熟之前根本无法将他们并为同类，由于他们的特征差异太大。教授还提到这种植物的交配不易，其一气味难闻致使传蜜的动物不易接近，其二它每年只开一次花，且花分雌雄。所以要这么多先天条件凑齐不易，所以很少有人有机会看到开花的全过程。（有考题出现）所以，结论，不可以貌取人。后来又讲了这种花很有可能灭绝，原因是要fly帮忙运花粉，要同种的花在一起，要这些条件同时发生，是小概率事件。Small incident 本篇文章要点：

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分析：本篇文章在近几个月中的考试中出现的频率极大，建议考生认真准备，而且生词非常多，不宜作答。?

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本文涉及到的背景知识介绍：Rafflesia, genus of various parasitic, stemless, leafless plants, distinctive for their putrid, carrion odor. The plants are native to the Malay Archipelago and Indonesia and live on the stems and roots of certain woody vines. The large, pink, five-lobed flowers are pollinated by carrion flies. The blossom of one species, the corpse lily, is recognized as the largest flower in the world. It grows up to 91 cm (36 in) in width, with petals 3 cm (1 in) thick and 46 cm (18 in) long, and weighs as much as 7 kg (15 lb).

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Scientific classification: Rafflesia make up the genus Rafflesia of the family Rafflesiaceae. The corpse lily is classified as Rafflesia arnoldii.

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这是托福经典加试的一篇音乐方面的段子题，经典加试还是重复率极高的，再比如像大王花这道植物学题，和浪漫主义、新古典主义这道文学题目，以及神经胶质细胞这道微生物题目,

考生一定要做到耳熟能详，听觉形象的快速建立。下面我们来看看Ragtime Music. Ragtime介绍了一种流行于美国十九世纪左右名为ragtime的音乐，能够表现年青人的活力(spirit of youth)之类的，此乐流行是由于piano的关系，因为两者真是太搭配了。在那个年代，在各种场合都用钢琴。此乐当时流行程度，(like Rock & Roll在某一时期一样)。这里出现考点，女学生说了一堆后，来了一句 I just don't get it，意思是要教授explain，还说piano 之所以当时那么受欢迎，一是因为它能与音律产生和谐，另一是因为当时它算一种财富地位的象征什么的symbol of wealth and status。再加上，那个年代，大家都没钱，就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐，而piano声音够响亮，又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝，所以，两者相得益彰这个音乐年轻人很喜欢，因为很有激

情。除了到处演出啊，park演出等不用钢琴，因为难搬(出现考点)because of transportation problem。 同时，此乐也是 jazz的前身，因为演奏者不按牌理出牌，一首曲七个人弹，弹出七种调。这种regtime音乐影响很远啊，例如现在的jazz就是从那发

展来的。

Ragtime 拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐)

Ragtime is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1899 and 1918. It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz. It began as dance music in popular music settings years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. A composition in this style is called a \

A rag written in 3/4 time is a \

Ragtime is not a \and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat,

thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the \intoxicating\He also used the term \in describing how to play ragtime music: \slowly until you catch the swing...\The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece

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of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as \the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes,

four being the most common number.

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