的劳动合同）、政治权利（公民权）的普及以及城市化、工业化进程，为工人阶级意识的产生创造了条件。对斯廷康姆碧而言，文化具有重要的作用；因为正是通过文化，组织的结构才得到定义。尤其是在服务业中，工人们出卖的是关于上层阶级地位的各种文化象征符号。就这一视角而言，某些工人将比另一些工人较少具有阶级意识，因为他们并非工作于具有正式劳动合同的大型群体中，他们经常接触上层阶级的客户，迷恋上层阶级的文化象征符号。因此，斯廷康姆碧得出这样的结论：“尽管我们不能期望女服务员或飞行员象矿工那样激进，我们还是能够期待：他们比零售珠宝业的工人，具有更多的阶级意识（p.309）。”
斯廷康姆碧的研究，提出了一个社会组织产生和影响阶级意识的富有启发性的观点。其研究包含着许多有趣的研究问题；譬如，他认为在服务业工人的集体意识中，身份象征具有重要作用。此外，他还指出：如果有更多的机会与工人阶级客户接触，服务业工人将（在政治方面）会变得“左倾”；而那些接触上层阶级客户的服务业工人，则会变得“右倾”。
本文仅仅在有限范围内，对近期与阶级文化、阶级行动和社会组织相关的文献进行了评论。在不同研究者关于美国阶级意识和阶级形成的理解中，存在着很多理论上和经验上的鸿沟。要想弥合这些鸿沟，无疑需要进行更广泛和更深入的综合分析。不过，随着分层研究的霸权地位的消解，随着研究领域的拓展，我们将迈向一种集体的、动态的（而非个体的、静态的）关于阶级意识的概念化方式；在这种关于阶级意识的概念化方式中，研究者将按照文化实践、集体行动和社会组织的自然栖息地（与历史栖息地），来处理阶级这一概念。
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From Class Consciousness to Culture, Action, and Social Organization
Rick Fantasia
Abstract For much of the postwar period in the United States, sociological research on class consciousness has tended to be limited to and by survey methods, with the result that class consciousness has been viewed as a static, individuated phenomenon, abstracted from social action and the context of class practices. However, in recent years a body of work has developed, often based upon the concept of class formation rather than the ideationally bound concept of class consciousness, that holds more promise. By drawing upon historical, ethnographic, and participant observation techniques, this work challenges conventional approaches and points toward promising new directions for future research. This article reviews recent examples of sociological research that has sought to ground consciousness in cultural practices, in collective action, and in forms of social organization.
Key words research methods, collective action, social stratification, working-class culture, work organization
作者简介：瑞克.范塔西亚，美国斯密斯学院社会学系教授。研究领域为劳工与文化。代表作有《团结的文化》（Cultures of Solidarity，Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1988）、《艰苦的工作：美国劳工运动的再形成》（与K.Voss合著，Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement，Berkeley: The University of California Press, 2004）等。曾任美国社会学协会劳工与劳工运动分会主席（2007-2008）。作者联系邮件：rfantasi@smith.edu。
译者简介：刘建洲，男（1975-），上海行政学院副教授，上海大学社会学系2005级博士研究生。研究领域为劳工社会学、劳动关系。
联系电话：021-22881121；18918989232 电子邮件：jianzhouliu@163.com 通讯地址：上海徐汇区虹漕南路200号测评中心（200233）
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