7. 从句引导词(讲义 19 36) ①从句引导词:代词性:在从句中做成分,代词+不完整句 who / whom / that / which / how many
形容词:whose / how much / how many *在句中不做成分,ad+完整句 ad.:if / because / why / when…
that即是代词性,也是副词性引导词 *that的用法: a)that ⑴关系代词用于定从,在从句中做主语或者宾语。 …n.+that+不完整句 ⑵连接副词,用于主从,宾从,表从和同位语从句。在从句中不做成分 …that+完整句 b)that省略 ⑴在定从中,that做主语可以省略。That+be可以省略。 ⑵在宾从中,某些及物动词后可省:say/
see/know /here /think /believe /betold /understand / propose / hear ②prep+which+不完整句 X prep+what+完整句X when+n(孤立)X n+what X whose +v. X where+v. X ③状语从句引导词+完整句 ④介词+which+完整句
连接副词(that)+完整句 ⑤如果先行词中有序数词、最高级、不定代词、only中,只用that不用which
8. 从句:从句是主句的一个句子成分,从句=从句引导词+句子,从句引导词表明从句的位置。㈠主语从句:从句是主句的一个主语 sub clause+v+obj
从句引导词+句子+v+obj → 标准形式
That TOEFL is a piece of cake is known to all. ㈡宾语从句:从句是主语的宾语 主语+谓语+从句
sub+vt+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式 We known that TOEFL is a piece of cake. ㈢表语从句:从句是主句的一个表语 主+系+表
sub+系动词+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式 The fact is that TOEFL is a piece of cake. ㈣状语从句:从句是主句的一个状语 状语。Svo.
从句引导词+句子,句子.→ 标准形式
*引导词决定句子的性质,如if是条件从句,when是时间从句等. ㈤同位语从句:从句是主语的同位语 主语+谓语+宾语+从句 完整句
sub+vt+obj(n.)+从句引导词(ad)+句子→ 标准形式(宾同) We know the fact that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈥定语从句:从句是主句的一个定语(以宾语定语为例) s+v+n+从句引导词(代词)+不完整句→ 标准相识
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We know the fact that is not known to Jerry.
四、介词(讲义33-43) 1、through / throughout
through 穿过(某一具体物体):through the earth 通过(某一具体方式):through x-ray analysis
throughout +时间:贯穿 throughout his lifetime/their existense +地点:遍布 throughout the world =all over the world = all across the world
2、between / among
the distance between the stars / trees. √ distance表示两者的距离
among the two separate realms. X among三个/三个以上之间
3.In / inside / into → 动态的,强调动作、过程 air into a house X→ air in a house
shot arrows inside the sky X → shot arrows into the sky in/inside表示静态的,强调的状态 into commerve X → in commerve
4.In / for / since (与时态有关) in:时刻点 in 1979 过去时
时间段 in recent years (完成时)/ in two days(将来时) for:介词+一段时间:for three years (完成时,过去时) 连词: 自从,因为
并列连词:不位于句首,句子,for+句子
since:介词+时刻点:since 1954(完成时)“自从” 连词:自从
因为(常考)+原因状语从句 since+句子,句子
副词:与完成时连用,表从过去的某个时间或某个事件至今 与过去时连用=ago
Tom died many years since… √
5.of考法:多余、遗漏、误用:A common use with gold is…X with→ of prep → of , of → prep.
With强调某种工具的使用,of强调所有关系
6.by be done by 被动语态的标志 by doing通过…方才…
作品by作者 / 电影by导演 / 研究by研究人员
7. 固定搭配(3-4个)
五、动词(讲义44-73)
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㈠谓语动词
1. 主谓一致(与插入语无关)
1主谓的分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。 s1→vo
2定语从句中的主谓一致:…n1+that+v …,one of +n(pl)+that+v(sing) / v(pl) 通常 …,the only one+n.(pl)+that+v(sing)
…,n1 of n2 +that+v(由动词发出者决定)
3随前一致:
n. + together with n2+v与n1&n2一致 as well as including along with with / of
accompanied with / by
4就近原则:n1 or n2 +v(就近原则) either n1 or n2 neither n1 nor n2
eg: He or we are… Is he or we…?
5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)
例外:war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体
表示一个整体的两个名词例外,类似的还有:law and order bread and butter black and white To love and to be loved is … A lawyer and a teacher are… A lawyer and teacher is …
6随后原则:not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)
7百分比结构:most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v.(由n1决定) 数词与谓动无关
8倒装结构的主谓一致:
a)There be +n 由名词决定动词
b)Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构: Among / Between …+系动词+n. (由名词决定动词)
9The+adj的主谓一致:
a)当表示“一类人”,则+v(pl) The rich are always ridiculous,
b)当表示某一抽象概念时,则+v(sing) The good is always attractive.
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10To do/doing/主从+v(sing) *More than one+n(sing)+v(sing) many a +n.(sing)+v(sing) a day or two +v(sing)
news不可数,抽象 economics不可数,学科 mumps不可数 species由句意决定draughts不可数,跳棋
2. 谓语动词的时态与语态:
时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时 prep(in/for/since)→时间→时态→动词形式
矛盾(考点) 语态问题::只考陈述句,情态动词在TOEFL中永远对,嘘拟语气在TOEFL中也不太考。 *89-96年的虚拟语气共考过4次:(新题 P91 10 P65 10) sub+insist / require +that +s+v
sub+make +it+impertive that+sub+v
主被动语态是TOEFL中的重点:句意,by,动词用法。(讲义P3 61)在TOEFL中have done by一定错
3. 常考的谓语动词:(讲义 58) ①常考主动态的动词:prove: vt+obj / vi+to be +n. / adj. eg: My advice proved to be wrong. √ (主动表被动)
prove / seem / occur / take place / rank / range / weigh / measure / date(date back to)…都是主动表被动 ②常考被动态动词:(讲义 59) *locat在TOEFL中常考被动
eg: Bats can locat the obstacles. “确立…位置” My school is located near a river.“位于” *concerned be ~ with compose be ~ of
compared be ~ to / with 在TOEFL中to/with一样 noted be ~ for based be ~ on
known be ~ for / as / to
eg: Li Ao is known for his books. Li Ao is know as a writer. Li Ao is know to us.
decicated be ~ to do 被用于…、被题词… / to doing 致力于…事业中 credited be ~ with(因)(被认为)导致了…/有利于…(果) for
to (果)归功于…,归因于…(因) called be ~ … ③主动=被动的词:
hatc=be hatched feed on=be fed on face=be faced with need/want/require need doing=need to be done’ ④情感动词:(讲义 60)
please annoy move surprise 都有“使…”的意思 please:主动:be ~ing (物)使人高兴的
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sht be ~ing
被动:be ~ed (人)被使得高兴 sb be ~ed
move: Franklin is so moved. The story is so moving.
㈡非谓语动词
1.现在分词与过去分词的区别: 主动 被动→后置定语/状语→90% 进行 完成→前置定语 →10% 动作 状态→不考
eg: the boiled water 开水 the boiling point 沸点
2.现在分词与过去分词的用法: ⑴可以位于句首/句末做状语,正确与否取决于主被动 句首:Doing…, svo. 主动 (讲义 66) Done…, svo. 被动
句末:svo, doing… 主动 (讲义 65) svo,done… 被动 ⑵可以位于名词后,做后置定语修饰名词,且等同于定语从句。正确与否取决于主被动
n+doing… 主动 (讲义 58) … people claming to… 主动 n+done… 被动 (讲义 58) … reports received … 被动 eg: the sites occupied by early human… 被动 *常考的+doing的动词:
mean enjoy finish mind celebrate forgive tolerate suggest advocate quit delay avoid escape spend be capable of play a key role in keep/prevent from have difficulty in have trouble/a hard time/a problem in
3.关于不定式的省略用法: ⑴help to do = help do help sb to do = help sb do ⑵使役动词:let make have bid后的inf必须省to
let sb do make sb do have sb do have sth done bid sb do sth吩咐… 做… ⑶感官动词:see watch notice heat后的inf必须省to see sb do sth see sb doing be seen to do/be seen doing 被动
4. Inf固定用法: ⑴做某事的“第一人”:the first sb to do ⑵(讲义 68)表“允许”“迫使”的动词后接inf
allow sb to do permit sb to do force sb to do cause sb to do enable sb to do
allow the fruite to ripen
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