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NARRATOR: Protected by the Great Wall in the north, 2
00:00:06,571 --> 00:00:09,324 and fed by the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, 3
00:00:09,411 --> 00:00:13,962
China's eastern heartland is the centre of a flourishing civilisation 4
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which spans more than 5,000 years. 5
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To outsiders this is a mysterious land. 6
00:00:34,691 --> 00:00:37,444 It contains dazzling man-made structures. 7
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And it's home to some of China's rarest and most charismatic creatures. 8
00:00:52,851 --> 00:00:54,330 (ROARING) 9
00:00:56,691 --> 00:00:59,683 The people who live here, the Han Chinese, 10
00:00:59,771 --> 00:01:02,808
comprise the largest ethnic group in the world, 11
00:01:02,891 --> 00:01:04,927 and their language, Mandarin, 12
00:01:05,011 --> 00:01:08,447 is the world's oldest
and most widely spoken language. 13
00:01:11,891 --> 00:01:13,768 (SPEAKING CHINESE) 14
00:01:19,211 --> 00:01:24,410 In the last 50 years
China has seen massive development, 15
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bringing many environmental problems. 16
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But the relationship of the Chinese to their environment and its creatures 17
00:01:37,491 --> 00:01:41,643 is in fact deep, complex and extraordinary. 18
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In this programme we will look for clues to this ancient relationship 19
00:01:49,091 --> 00:01:52,288 and what it means
for the future of China.
20
00:02:26,291 --> 00:02:30,284 Our journey starts
at the very heart of China, Beijing. 21
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China's capital is a vast metropolis, home to 15 million people. 22
00:02:41,851 --> 00:02:45,002 This bustling modern city seems an unlikely place 23
00:02:45,091 --> 00:02:47,651
for traditional beliefs and customs. 24
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But beneath the contemporary veneer, 25
00:02:50,091 --> 00:02:53,322 it's possible to see glimpses of a far older China. 26
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Every morning, people head to the parks around the Forbidden City, 27
00:03:05,971 --> 00:03:08,929 to continue a custom which is centuries old. 28
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Many Chinese keep birds as companions, 29
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specifically a type of laughing thrush from southern China. 30
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But they know that cooped up indoors, birds may become depressed. 31
00:03:35,251 --> 00:03:39,130 So they try to brighten their day by meeting other birds. 32
00:03:39,211 --> 00:03:41,520 (BIRDS TWITTERING) 33
00:03:51,051 --> 00:03:54,600 This surprising scene
in the heart of modern Beijing 34
00:03:54,691 --> 00:03:58,240 is a clue
to China's oldest spiritual ambition, 35
00:03:58,331 --> 00:04:02,119 the harmonious co-existence of man and nature. 36
00:04:06,491 --> 00:04:07,970 (WHISTLING) 37
00:04:08,051 --> 00:04:09,609 (BIRDS CHIRPING) 38
00:04:10,131 --> 00:04:12,247 But from the 1950s onwards,
39
00:04:12,331 --> 00:04:15,528 this ancient belief
was to be severely challenged. 40
00:04:27,171 --> 00:04:31,403 After a century of humiliation
and intervention by foreign powers, 41
00:04:31,491 --> 00:04:34,563 Chairman Mao sought to rebuild China's dignity. 42
00:04:43,091 --> 00:04:45,844
Mao believed strongly in self-reliance, 43
00:04:45,931 --> 00:04:49,367 achieved through using all of nature's resources. 44
00:04:54,971 --> 00:04:58,088 Mao's first concern
was to feed the Chinese people 45
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by turning as much land as possible over to grain production, 46
00:05:02,091 --> 00:05:04,047 destroying non-cereal crops 47
00:05:04,131 --> 00:05:06,884 and uprooting fruit trees in the process.
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