1995-2002学位英语真题(7)

Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer. Sheet II. The process of internationalization of science has been going on already for a long time in a hidden form, and what we realize today is simply the necessity of a better and more systematic institutionalization of an old process.

I believe that the rising complexity of scientific research is now urgently demanding new steps, which can ensure that international involvement moves to more organized and better planned structures.

Only in this way could one make sure that all the free energy potentially present in the form of human resources is controlled effectively within cooperative organization amongst friendly nations.

This extended cooperation must be intended not to limit but to enhance mobility of ideas and freedom of the scientists within the system. One has to encourage science, not try to harness it with bureaucracy. Section B (20 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: Put the following paragraph into English. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II. 从心理上以及实际上说，地球己没有边远地方了。当朋友去了曾被认为是遥远的国家时，我们不可能再有父辈那种生离死别的感觉。由于全球通讯网络，要见到远在地球另一侧的朋友就同与本城那一头的朋友讲话般地容易。

PART VI WRITING (30 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: Write one or more paragraphs in no less than 120 words according to the topic given below. Write your passage in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.

Topic ： Is having a graduate education and a master degree all that important today?

Explain advantages and disadvantages of seeking a master degree as opposed to beginning work after 4 years' higher education and explain which of the courses of action you support.

Key For Your Reference

PartⅠ Listening Comprehension

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. A 11.D 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. B PartⅡ Vocabulary

16. C 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. A 26. D 27. D 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. C 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. A Part Ⅲ Cloze Test

36. D 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. D 42. C 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. C 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. B Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension

51. A 52. A 53. B 54. A 55. D 56. A 57. C 58. D 59. A 60. A 61. A 62. C 63. B 64. A 65. C 66. B 67. A 68. B 69. C 70. B 71. A 72. D 73. C 74. D 75. B 76. D 77. D 78. C 79. C 80. B PartⅤ Translation

Section A: English to Chinese

长期以来，科学国际化过程一直在以隐蔽的形式发展着，而我们今天所认讽到的仅仅是原有过程更加完善、更加系统制度化的必要性．

我相信，科学研究难度的日益增加正迫切要求采取新的步骤，以保证国际性参与的结构朝向更有组织．更有计划的方向进展．只有这样，人们才能确保潜存于人力资源中的全部自由资潭能量可以在友好国家的合作组织内得到有效的发挥．这种扩展了的合作，必须用于加强而不是限制该系统内科学家的思想交流和自由流动；必须促进科学而不是试图通过行政手段对其加以利用． Section B：Chinese to English

Psychologically as well as physically, there are no more remote places on earth. When a friend leaves for what was once a far country, we cannot feel the same feeling of irrevocable separation that saddened our forefathers. Thanks to global communication network, we will be able to see friends on the far side of earth as easily as we talk to them on the other side of the town.

June, 1998

PAPER ONE

Part I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes, 15 points)

Section A ( 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The questions and the conversations will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A,B,C, or D on your Answer Sheet.

1. A. The office wasn't busy today. B. The office is overstaffed. C. It's always extremely busy in this office. D. Today was unusually busy. 2. A. Larry asks too many questions. B. Larry is sick of smoking.

C. Larry is ruining his own health. D. Larry likes to argue with everybody. 3. A. He doesn't work hard enough. B. He has too much work to do. C. He travels too much to get any work done. D. He doesn't enjoy travelling.

4. A. He wants the class moved to anther place. B. He demands that the class be canceled.

C. He stressed that he is happy with the class. D. He told the class to take another look at him. 5. A. He caused a fire. B. He lost his job because he tried to cheat. C. He quit his job because his boss told a lie. D. He was unable to get a project.

6. A. A travel agency. B. An automobile store. C. A nursery school. D. An employment agency. 7. A. They are counting money. B. They are discussing about the environment. C. They are doing some washing. D. They are typing on the computer.

8. A. They are everybody's responsibility. B. Daily jobs can replace volunteer activities.

C. Health care workers don't need to take part in them. D. They are the most important job for health care workers. 9. A. Tooth brushes. B. Oven cleaners. C. German cameras. D. Can openers. Section B (1 point each )

Directions: In this section, you will hear a short passage and a longer conversation. At the end of each of them, there will be three questions. The passage, the conversation and questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet.

10. A. Because many people do not have enough knowledge about it. B. Because it has become a big threat to human lives worldwide. C. Because AIDS patients are reported to be dying every day. D. Because doctors have discovered new medical treatment.

11. A. Its virus kills people by itself. B. It causes disorders is eating habits.

C. It damages the body's ability to protect itself. D. It can lead to many other virus-related illnesses. 12. A. 0.35 million. B. 10 million. C. 50 million. D. 1.35 million. 13. A. He borrowed a book from her B. He got a low grade for his paper.

C. He had some questions about administration work. D. He had made an appointment with the doctor. 14. A. It was too lengthy. B. It wasn't well organized

C. The man's research wasn't accurate. D. The man didn't understand the assignment 15. A. The man was very angry about the woman's comments.

B. The woman believes the man did not use the right technique. C. The woman suggests that the man find a solution from the book. D. The man exchanged his learning experience with the woman. Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points) Section A ( 0.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.

16. To save forests on earth, much depends on the ability of governments to come up with plans for the sustainable management of forests.

A. prolonged B. prepared C. provided D. presented

17. Townspeople accused merchants of exploiting the oil shortage in order to force prices up. A. creating B. cultivating C. using D. exploring

18. After several nuclear disasters, a controversy has raged over the safety of nuclear energy. A. discussion B. dispute C. dialogue D distrust

19. Because it withstands the effects of high temperatures, rhenium is a valuable ingredient in certain alloys.

A. generates B. reduces C. discharges D. survives

20. The brisk business was recorded in Marco Polo's travelogue, but evidence was not detected until later survey. A. uncovered B. selected C. witnessed D. reserved

21. Despite an explosion in the use of computers, some claim they have had no measurably positive effect on productivity.

A. tolerably B. virtually C. remarkably D. sentimentally

22. Your child will eventually leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult. A. once for all B. step by step C. more or less D. sooner or later

23. Our difficulties seem petty when compared to those of people who never get enough to ear. A. serious B. enormous C. unimportant D. considerable 24. The police contended that the difficulties they faced were too severe. A. contacted B. claimed C. contented D. clarified

25. Studies found that nearly twice as many black children as white believe \ advantage of available opportunities\

A. make use of B. put up with C. stand up to D. go on with Section B (O.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted Choose the word or works from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. 26. All objects will gain or lose heat energy by one or more methods of heat _____. A. transit B. transfer C. transform D. transport

27. He was smoking; I could see: the tip of his cigarette in the darkness. A. shining B. sparkling C. glittering D. glowing

28. You pay a 10 percent deposit which you lose if you before completion. A. get on B. take over C. pull out D. hand in

29. She looked the house over and its rough market value.

A. asserted B. assessed C. assumed D. assembled

30. The research center is now with a German university to analyze the data collected. A. connecting B. correlating C. collaborating D. coordinating

31. By 2015 or so, doctors will be able to send X-rays stored in a hospital computer almost _____ to a specialist's video display terminal on the other side of the world

A. intentionally B. instantaneously C. spontaneously D. simultaneously

32. The are so good, in fact, that she is looking for investors to fund her plans for expansion across the country.

A. properties B. perspectives C. perceptions D. prospects

33. In spite of the diversity of subjects and backgrounds, the essays and poems can be classified under the title of local-flavor literature.

A. by and large B. by far C. by way of D. by turns

34. You can become a member of this club only by paying the fee, say, $250. A. request B. requisite C. respectful D. restraining 35. It was fascinating to see how the film ____ after World War II. A. modified B. evolved C. altered D. furthered Part III. Close Test (10minutes, 15 points)

Direction: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable words marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheer.

Cancer is so common these days that it seems as if everyone will eventually get thedisease. And with the recent 36 of genes for breast, colon and ovarian cancer, you may think there’s 37 you can do to prevent the inevitable. But that's far from true. 38 , Harvard University researchers recently reported that 39 seven out of every 10 cancers are not 40 by genes at all but rather by the way we live. Thirty percent can be 41 directly to smoking, 30 percent to an unhealthy 42 and about 10 percent to other habits such as sun exposure or lack of 43 . So if your lifestyle can

cause cancer, it 44 that how you live can help prevent the disease, 45. Here's the latest advice on the best ways to 46 your risk fight now. Recent research shows a(n) 47 between body weight and cancer. The strongest link is is with uterine cancer. 48 because extra body fat increases the amount of estrogen in the bloodstream. According to the 1996 Harvard Report, women who are more man 35 percent49 their healthy weight have a 55 percent 50 risk of getting cancers.. 36. A. discovery B. evidence C. invention D. solution

37. A. anything B. nothing C. something D. Much 38. A.. In fact B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. after all 39. A. scarcely B. basically C. completely D. nearly

40. A. influenced B. determined C. identified D. subdivided 41. A. trace B. translated C. transmitted D. trailed 42. A. food B. custom C. cure D. diet

43. A. distraction B nourishment C. training D. exercise 44. A. Proves B. follows C. maintain D. emphasize 45. A. either B. though C. then D. too 46. .A. descend B. subside C. lower D. deduce

47. A. connection B. dependence C exception D. framework 4S. A. probably B. approximately C. particularly D. readily 49. A. beneath B. around C. beyond D. above 50. A. less B. more C. slighter D. greater Pan IV Reading Comprehension ( 45 minutes, 30 points)

Directions: In this part of[he test, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, G or D, and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (1)

The three main types of secondary education in the United States have been provided by the Latin grammar school, the academy, and the public high school. The first of these was a colonial institution. It began in New England with the establishment in 1635 of the Boston Free Latin School. The curriculum consisted mainly of the classical languages, and the purpose of this kind of school was the preparation of boys for college, where most of them would be fitted for the ministry.

The academy began in the early 1750's with Benjamin Franklin's school in Philadelphia, which later became the University of Pennsylvania. It extended generally to about the middle of the nineteenth century., except in the southern states where thc public high school was late in developing and where the academy continued as the principal means of secondary education even after 1900. The academy was open to girls as well as to boys, and it provided a wider

curriculum than the Latin grammar school had furnished. It was designed not only as a preparation for college but also for practical life in commercial and business activities.

Although its wide educational values were evident and are recognized as important contributions to secondary education in this country, the academy was never considered a public institution as the public high school has come to be.

The public high school had its origin in Massachusetts in 1821 when the English Classical School was established in Boston. In 1827, that state enacted the first state-wide public high-school law in the United States. By 1840, there were perhaps a dozen public high schools in Massachusetts and man in other eastern states; by l850, they were, also to be found in many other states.

Just as the curriculum of the academy grew out of that of tie Latin grammar school, so the curriculum of the public high school developed out of that of the academy. The public high school in the United States is a repudiation of the aristocratic and selective principle of the European educational tradition. Since 1890, enrollments in secondary high schools, mainly public high schools, have practically doubled in this country every ten years.

51.According to the author, the main types of secondary education in the United States have been provided by____ A New England establishments. B. the Latin grammar school and the academy. C. the public high school. D. both B and C.

52. The article states that the curriculum of the Latin grammar school was intended to prepare al1 students for____ A. the academy. B. high school. C. college. D. the academic life.

53. According to the passage, which of the following sequences indicates the order in which the schools developed? A. Latin grammar school, public high school, academy. B. Latin grammar school, academy, public high school. C. public high school, Latin grammar school, academy.

D. public high school, academy, Latin grammar school.

54. It is the opinion of the author that the academy, compared to the public high school, was____

A. obviously better academically. B. more discriminatory in student selection. C. coeducational. D. net generally considered a public institution. 55. Since 1890, secondary-school enrollments have____

A. almost doubled every ten years. B. practically doubled_ C. declined in enrollment. D. increased tenfold.

56. In the southern states, thc principal means of secondary education even after 1900 continued to be the____ A. Latin school. B. church school. C. classical language school. D. academy. (2)

Few words are more commonly used in our modern world than the word modern itself.

The innovations of manufactured articles, of institution, of attitudes of works of art are constantly brought to our attention. We ourselves may well be judged by whether we are modern or not. Indeed many people go to considerable lengths to make quite certain that they will be accepted as modern --- modern in their dress, their behavior, their beliefs. And yet, we may ask, must not earlier generations have felt precisely the same? Surely men throughout history must have recognized themselves as modern. Surely innovators like Julius Caeser, Peter the Great or Oliver Cromwell saw themselves as breaking with the past, as establishing a new order. Must they not also have shared our awareness of the significance of what is modern? What is modern is distinct from what belongs to the past and men in earlier times must have experienced this sense of distinctiveness. Men cannot escape and never have been able to escape, from an awareness of change. But reflection will tell us that our awareness of change, our sense of distinctiveness is very different from that of our distant ancestors.

Change for us is more, much more, than the change brought about by rice passing of time, by important events or by the actions of outstanding individuals or groups. We make use of change and are ourselves a part of a process of change. Change for us has become modernization and modernization implies, both direction and consciousness. What we boast of as modern or up-to-date today, will be old-fashioned or out of date tomorrow. The noisy insistence that something is modern often conceals fear of the knowledge that it will inevitably soon be superseded, again, the very fact that modernization has one attitude, acceptance or rejection. The desire to change or modify the world we live in implies acceptance, since the world is a world of change. Rejection of modernization may therefore, lead to a sense of the world as unreal and meaningless, and this, in turn to a breakdown, either individual or social. 57. According to the passage, our modern world today is marked with____

A. different lifestyles from our ancestors. B. frequent elimination of old things.

C. the emergence of industry education and culture. D. new interpretation of the word modern. 58. The author states that innovators in history must have____ A. had a strong sense of distinctiveness.

B. been successful in conquering other nations.

C. been able to escape from their awareness of change.

D. gone to considerable length to make themselves acceptable.

59. Our awareness of change is different from our predecessors' in that____

A. we are modernizing the world to a greater degree. B. we are more open to change.

C. we have established a totally new social order. D. we have made modernization our direction. 60. In the past changes could be caused by any or the following EXCEPT____ A. one person's actions. B, the passing of time. C. different levels of awareness. D. some significant event.

61. The fact that we try hard to stay modern reveals that we____

A. are afraid of changes. B. accept the changes of the world.

C.want to overtake others D.do not realize the inevitability of changes. 62. We may infer that \

A. don't tike old-fashioned dresses, behaviors or beliefs. B. boast of their innovations as being unique. C. are aware but afraid of modernization. D. suffer from personal breakdown. (3)

Bilingual competence has almost always been regarded as an essential requirement for translators, but this does not always mean that one must have an active competence in both the source mud target languages. Some unusually adept and successful translators have only had a passive (reader's) competence in a source language. This is obviously true for those who have translated the Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit classics, but it also applies to many translators of both technical and literary, texts in modern languages. Translators with very limited competence in the source language are, however, at a great disadvantage and must often compensate for this lack by obtaining the help of someone who may be weak in the target language but who is fully competent in the source language.

For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms-of the cultures in which they function.

Dictionaries and encyclopedias are an important source of strategic cultural information, but they can never take the place of personal involvement in a foreign society. This is one of the reasons why most programs for the training of translators and interpreters require that students spend at least six months to a year in each of the countries where the students' acquired languages are spoken. Only by being in the countries in which a foreign language is spoken can one acquire the necessary sensitivity to the many special meanings of words and phrases. For example, in some parts of Latin America the Spanish word huahua means \tropical fruit, but in another, it is a reference to the female genital organs.

Differences of culture may also be a reason for having marginal notes in a translated text .

In many parts of Africa, the closest equivalent to the English word for \number of persons, in fact, all the women in the same age-grade who were initiated at the same time. The use of the

English word mother to refer to all such persons almost always requires a marginal note. Similarly, a Thai text of the four Gospels of the New Testament without an introduction was seriously misunderstood as being a series of four reincarnations, not as four different accounts of the life of Jesus. 63. This passage is mainly concerned with____

A. culture and language study. B. intercultural communications. C. methods of English Study. D. translation competence.

64. From the passage we may learn that a source language means one that____

A. is being decoded by someone. B. was used by ancient people to write classics. C. is employed by technologists or writers. D. is being encoded by translators.

65. Translation of the Greek, Latin and Sanskrit classics is less demanding probably because they____ A. are easier to understand. B. are not spoken languages.

C.are mostly found literary texts. D. differ little from modem languages. 66. The author implies that the greatest difficulty in translating is____

A. grammatical structures of file source language. B. different definitions of words in dictionaries. C. the spoken form of a foreign language. D. special meanings of words and phrases. 67. The author suggests that the best way to become bilingually competent is to____

A. consult dictionaries and encyclopedias. B. get personal experience of the culture. C. obtain the help of someone else. D. attend some mining programs. 68. What is implied in the last paragraph is that____

A.them is no equivalent for English word \ B. sometimes translation is inadequate to bridge the gap between different cultures. C. marginal notes are useful to clarify some difficult words and phrases in books D. Asian countries like Thai have different religious ideas from the Western cultures. (4)

Coverage of accident, fires and disasters is a staple of news reporting, but not every individual is cut out to report this type of news. Inevitably, accident coverage equates with the coverage of human tragedy. It's tough enough to cover an apartment fire and watch as the charred remains of children am removed. It's even tougher to do it on a regular basis. That weighs heavily on even the toughest of individuals, and some otherwise terrific reporters discover that they just cannot handle continued exposure to tragedy.

In most cases of this sort, it is helpful to remember that there's nothing you can do to help. Police and fire officials are trained in rescue and disaster-relief efforts; almost certainly, you are not. On rare occasions, however, the reporter can become a part of the story. Does the newspaper photographer try to stop a woman ,from jumping off a bridge to her death or does he photograph the plunge? You are told by your editors, quite appropriately, not to become part of the story. On the other hand, isn't the saving of a life more important? Such incidents place the reporter or photographer in an ethical dilemma.

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