Unit 13
suffer
Paragraphs 3-4 Questions:
1. What are the two major discoveries made by Karl Marx? (Paragraph 4)
Karl Marx’s two major discoveries include the law of development of human history and the special law of motion governing the capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society the mode has created.
2. What is the significance of Marx’s discovery of these two laws? (Paragraph 4)
The significance lies in the fact that the discovery of these two laws threw light on important issues and problems that either had been concealed by an overgrowth of ideology or had kept bourgeois economists and socialist critics groping in the dark.
Words and Expressions: 3. conceal vt. hide, not show
e.g. The path was concealed by long grass.
She tried to conceal the fact that she was pregnant. Derivation:
concealment n. Synonym:
cover, disguise, keep secret Antonym:
reveal, let out, uncover, disclose
4. evolve vi. gradually change and develop over a period of time
e.g. They are hoping the trade talks might evolve into a practical dialogue.
The school has evolved its own style of teaching. Collocation: evolve from
e.g. It has taken us several million years to evolve from the apes. evolve out of
e.g. The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists. Synonym:
change, develop, grow, go forward Antonym: remain, stay
5. in the light of drawing knowledge or information from, in view of e.g. The development is significant in the light of what happened later.
In the light of this tragic event, we have cancelled the 4th of July celebrations. Synonym:
taking into account, considering, with regard to, taking into consideration
6. surplus
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a. more than is needed (only before a noun)
e.g. Lose those surplus pounds with our new diet plan.
Early cultures used techniques such as smoking and salting to preserve surplus meat and fish. n. a quantity or amount in excess of what is required
e.g. The Gulf States produce more oil than they need and sell the surplus to the rest of the world.
Farmers often turn their surplus of milk into cheese and butter. Collocation: a surplus of surplus value
7. critic n. a person who forms and gives judgments, esp. one who does so professionally e.g. She has been the strongest critic of the government’s tax proposal. A literary critic should not be too subjective in his approach. Synonym：
reviewer, commentator
Sentences
1. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history… (Paragraph 3)
Explanation: ―Just as …, so …‖ is a formal way of saying ―in the way that.‖ e.g. Just as the Americans enjoy their coffee, so the Chinese enjoy their tea.
Darwin (1809–1882) was a British naturalist. His theory of evolution on natural selection revolutionized much of the world’s thought during the latter part of the 19th century.
Translation: 正如达尔文发现了有机自然发展的规律一样，马克思也发现了人类历史发展的规律。
2. … in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case. (Paragraph 3)
Explanation: … so they must be explained from the standpoint of the above, not the other way round, which had so far been the way they were explained.
3. But that is not all. Mark also discovered the special law of motion governing the present day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created. (Paragraph 4)
Translation: 不但如此，马克思也发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark. (Paragraph 4)
Translation: 由于剩余价值的发现，这个问题就豁然开朗了，而先前无论资产阶级经济学家或者社会主义批评家所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
Paragraph 5
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Unit 13
Words and Expressions:
8. grant vt. to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have asked for e.g. I would love to be able to grant her wish.
The council have granted him permission to build on the site. Derivation:
grant n. an amount of money given to someone Synonym: give, award
9. field n. a particular area of study, esp. one that one knows a lot about e.g. What field of research are you working in at the moment? Peter is an expert in his field. Synonym: subject, area
Sentences
5. Happy is the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery. (Paragraph 5)
Explanation: The main clause of this sentence is in the inverted order; the normal order is: The man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery is happy. What the sentence means is that if a man can make only one such discovery, he would feel happy. Translation: 即使只能做出一个这样的发现，也已经是幸福的了。
Paragraph 6 Question:
How did Engels describe the joy that Marx experienced from new discoveries in science? (Paragraph 6)
True, a new discovery in some theoretical science was a great joy to Marx, but he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general.
Words and Expressions
10. envisage vt. imagine sth. that has not happened
e.g. I cannot envisage what the circumstance will be in twenty years’ time. The plan cost a lot more than we had originally envisaged. Nobody can envisage the consequences of total nuclear war. Collocation:
envisage doing something Synonym:
imagine, foresee, envision, predict
Sentences
6. But this was not even half the man. (Paragraph 6)
Explanation: But this was only part of the man. The sentence means Marx was far more than a man of science.
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Translation: 但是这在他身上远不是主要的。
Paragraph 7 Questions:
1. How did Marx fight as a revolutionist?
As a revolutionist Marx fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival, and fighting was Marx’s natural element.
2. What are the most important contributions that Marx made to the liberation of the modern proletariat?
Marx was the first to make the working class conscious of its own position, its needs and the conditions of its emancipation. Besides, he was the founder of the International Working Men’s Association.
Words and Expressions: 11. overthrow
vt. get rid of a leader or sb. in authority
e.g. They have been scheming to overthrow the government.
n. the defeat and removal from power of a leader or government, especially by force e.g. The President came to power after the overthrow of the Emperor.
12. tenacity n. determination to never stop trying to succeed in sth.
e.g. The athletes displayed great tenacity throughout the football match.
You may not like the man, but you can’t help admiring the skill and tenacity with which he argued his case. Derivation: tenacious a. tenaciously ad.
13. rival
vt. be as good as sb. or sth. else
e.g. Of all the flowers in the garden few can rival the lily. 在花园的所有花卉中很少有花能与百合花媲美。
n. a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc. e.g. This gives the company a competitive advantage over its rivals.
When I saw the man with my girlfriend at the party I realized that I had a rival. Synonym: equal, match competitor Collocation: rival for / in
Activity: Write in each space the synonym for each given word or expression. 1. immeasurable ______________( incalculable ) 2. conceal ______________ (cover )
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Unit 13
3. in the light of ______________ (taking into account) 4. evolve ______________ (develop) 5. critic______________ (reviewer) 6. grant ______________(give)
7. envisage ______________ (imagine) 8. rival______________ (equal)
Paragraphs 8-9 Question:
1. How did Marx react to bourgeois persecution and slanders?
Marx treated all this with contempt, and brushed them away as if they were just cobweb that did not deserve his attention.
Words and Expressions:
14. deport vi. send sb. out of a country usu. because they do not have the legal right to be there e.g. Even if they do not put him in jail, they will deport him.
Tens of thousands of Greek Jews were deported to Nazi death camps. Derivation: deportation n.
e.g. The US government has ordered his deportation. Collocation:
deport somebody from / to something Synonym: expel, excel
15. conservative a. unwilling to accept changes and new ideas
e.g. Publishers in Britain are more conservative, perhaps, than their continental counterparts. Synonym:
traditional, conventional
16. vie vt. compete with sb. for sth. that is difficult to get
e.g. Simon and Julian were vying for her attention all through dinner.
There are at least twenty restaurants vying with each other for customers. Collocation: vie for vie with
vie to do something Synonym:
compete, rival, contest Antonym: collaborate
17. heap vt. give sb. a lot of praise, blame, etc. e.g. The film director heaped praises on the actress.
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