新世纪英语专业综合教程3 unit 13 课后答案 lecture notes

Unit 13

Unit 13 Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx

Section One Pre-reading Activities ·························································································· 2

I. Audiovisual supplement ······························································································· 2 II. Cultural information···································································································· 2 Section Two Global Reading ··································································································· 3

I Main idea ····················································································································· 3 II Structural analysis········································································································ 3 Section Three Detailed Reading ······························································································ 4

Text I ······························································································································ 4 Section Four Consolidation Activities ···················································································· 12

I . Vocabulary Analysis ·································································································· 12 II Grammar Exercises ···································································································· 15 III. Translation exercises ································································································ 17 IV Exercises for integrated skills ····················································································· 18 V Oral activities ············································································································ 19 VI Writing Practice ········································································································ 20 VII Listening Exercises ··································································································· 21 Section Five Further Enhancement ······················································································· 23

I Text II ························································································································· 23 II. Memorable Quotes ··································································································· 25

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Unit 13

Unit 13 Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx

Section One Pre-reading Activities

I. Audiovisual supplement

II. Cultural information 1. Quote

There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of gaining its numinous summits.

— Karl Heinrich Marx

2. Karl Heinrich Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818–March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, self-taught political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of Chapter One of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: ―The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.‖

Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socio-economic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism.

While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers’ movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.

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Unit 13

Section Two Global Reading

I Main idea

In his speech Friederich Engels first expressed his profound grief over the death of a great man — Karl Marx. Then he went on to pay great tribute to the unparalleled accomplishments and contributions of Marx. His accomplishments included discovery of the law of development of human history and discovery of the law of the capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society. As a revolutionist Marx devoted himself to the overthrow of capitalist society and to the liberation of the modern proletariat. Engels concluded his speech with certainty that Karl Marx and his work would remain immortal.

II Structural analysis

1. Describe the language features of the speech.

1) A notable feature of this formal speech is its variation in sentence length.

The longest sentence, which constitutes Paragraph 3, contains 126 words, while the shortest sentence, which begins Paragraph 4, has only 5 words.

2) Another prominent feature of the text is the apt use of some cohesive items that

contribute to the coherence of the text. Notice the following italicized words: a. But that is not all. (Paragraph 4)

b. Such was the man of science. (Paragraph 6)

c. For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. (Paragraph 7)

d. And, consequently, Marx was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time. (Paragraph 8)

2. Divide the text into parts by completing the table. Paragraphs 1-2 3-7 Main idea Engels expresses his grief over the death of a great man — Karl Marx. This part enumerates Marx’s accomplishments in discovering the law of development of human history, the law of capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society to which it gave rise, and his many contributions to the liberation of the modern proletariat. This part contrasts the different attitudes of his opponents and his fellow revolutionary workers to Marx’s achievements. Engels reaffirms Marx’s lasting influence and contribution. 8 9

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Unit 13

Section Three Detailed Reading

Text I

Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx

1.

Friederich Engels

On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep — but forever.

An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America, and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt.

Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history:1 the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc., that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.2

But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created.3 The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark.4

Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy is the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery.5 But in every single field which Marx investigated — and he investigated very many fields, none of them superficially — in every field, even in that of mathematics, he made independent discoveries.

Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man.6 Science was for Marx a historically dynamic, revolutionary force. However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general. For example, he followed closely the development of the discoveries made in the field of electricity and recently those of Marcel Deprez.

For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to contribute, in one way or another, to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of its emancipation. Fighting was his element. And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival. His work on the first Rheinische Zeitung (1842), the Paris Vorwarts (1844), the Deutsche Brusseler Zeitung (1847), the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848

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Unit 13

-849), the New York Tribune (1852–1861), and in addition to these a host of militant pamphlets, work in organizations in Paris, Brussels and London, and finally, crowning all,1 the formation of the great International Working Men’s Association — this was indeed an achievement of which its founder might well have been proud even if he had done nothing else.

8. And, consequently, Marx was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time.7

Governments, both absolutist and republican, deported him from their territories. Bourgeois, whether conservative or ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him. All this he brushed aside as though it were cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extreme necessity compelled him. And he died beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow workers — from the mines of Siberia to California, in all parts of Europe and America — and I make bold to say that though he may have had many opponents he had hardly one personal enemy.

9. His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work!

Paragraphs 1-2 Questions:

1. Which words and expressions are used to euphemistically refer to the notion of death? (Paragraph 2)

The notion of death is euphemistically referred to by such words and expressions as ―ceased to think,‖ ―gone to sleep ... forever,‖ and ―departure.‖

2. What does the word ―gap‖ mean in Paragraph 2? (Paragraph 2)

The word ―gap‖ literally means ―vacancy‖, but here it means the spiritual vacuum left behind by the departure of Karl Marx.

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Words and Expressions 1. immeasurable a. infinite

e.g. Intelligence is statistically immeasurable as some skills are. The economic, social, and personal costs are immeasurable. Synonym:

incalculable, limitless, vast, endless Antonym: slight

2. sustain vt. experience loss, injury, etc.

e.g. Both sides sustained heavy losses in the war. Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage. Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries. Derivation:

sustained a. (only before a noun) continuing for a long time e.g. a period of sustained economic development sustainable a. able to continue for a long time sustainability n. Synonym:

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