新东方背诵80篇打印版（含翻译）1(8)

况为感冒病菌的传播提供了条件。 具是工匠们自己的双手，但有时他

低收入同样不利于合理的饮食结构。 营养不良到底 对患感们也用些别的工具，如绳圈、木模、素线、海绵等。 素线冒造成多大的影响目前尚不清楚，但不合理的饮食通常降低的作用是当一件陶器完成后用它 把陶器从转盘上的基座上了人体的抵抗力。 切下来。 >61 Pottery 陶器成形后，首先要在空气中自然风干，再放到窑中焙 烧。 Ancient people made clay pottery because they needed it for 第一遍焙烧使得陶器变得坚硬，下一步就是给它上釉彩，然their 后再焙烧。 陶器上有些地 survival. They used the pots they made for cooking, storing

方不需上釉彩，像罐子底部，匠人们就在这些部位涂上蜡，

food, and

carrying things from place to place. Pottery was so important to 一加热就会化掉。 然后匠人们 把釉彩液体浇上陶器表面，

绘制他们想要的任何图案。 early

cultures that scientists now study it to learn more about >62 Mimicry in Plants

Plant adaptations can be remarkably complex. Certain species of ancient

civilizations. The more advanced the pottery in terms oforchids,

for instance, imitate female bees, other plants look and smell like decoration,

materials, glazes and manufacture, the more advanced the culture dead

animals, and still others have the appearance of stones. These itself.

The artisan who makes pottery in North America strange

adaptations to life represent just a few of the sophisticated means today utilizes his

or her skill and imagination to create items that by

which plants enhance their chances of survival. Mimicry in are beautiful

as well as functional, transforming something ordinary plants or

animals is a three part system. There is a model: the animal, into something

plant or special and unique.

The potter uses one of the Earth's most basic materials, substrate being initiated. There is a mimic: the organism that

imitates the clay. Clay

can be found almost anywhere. Good pottery clay must be free model. And there is a signal receiver or dupe: the

animal that cannot from all

small stones and other hard materials that would make the effectively distinguish between the model and the

mimic. Mimetic potting

process difficult. Most North American artisan potters now traits may include morphological structures, color patterns,

behaviors purchase

commercially processed clay, but some find the clay they need or other attributes of the mimic that promote its resemblance to

a model. right in the

That model may be either an unrelated species or an earth close to where they work.

The most important tools potters use are their own hands; inanimate object,

such as the background against which an organism spends however, they

also use wire loop tools, wooden modeling tools, plain wire, most of its time.

Mimicry is not an active strategy on the part of an individual and sponges.

Plain wire is used to cut away the finished pot from its base on plant;

flowers do not deliberately trick or deceive animals into visiting the

them. potter's wheel.

After a finished pot is dried of all its moisture in the open air, it is Mimicry arises as the result of evolution through natural placed in a kiln and fired. The first firing hardens the pottery, selection and

the occurrence of random genetic mutations that lead and it is

over many then ready to be glazed and fired again.

For areas where they do not want any glaze, such as the bottom generations to the appearance of favorable

characteristics. If such of the pot,

artisans paint on melted wax that will later burn off in the traits help to camouflage a plant, for example, the plant is likely

to have kiln. They

then pour on the liquid glaze and let it run over the clay surface, a survival advantage over other plants that are less well

camouflaged. making

The plant will leave more descendants, thereby passing the any kind of decorative pattern that they want.

陶器古代人制作陶器是因为他们的生存需要它。 他们用这advantage to

the next generation. For natural selection to favor the evolution

些自制的盆盆罐罐来做饭、 装食物、储运东西。

of

陶器在早期文化中占据了如此重要的地位，以致于科学家们

mimicry, the mimicry must derive a reproductive advantage from

现在通过 研究陶器来获取对古代文明的更多的了解。 因为modeling 陶器的装饰、材料、釉彩、制作等工艺越 itself after another organism or object: its fitness, measured as 发达就说明这种文明越发达。 今天，北美的陶艺匠人运用the 他们的技艺和想象力创造出了既 美观又实用的陶艺制品，把number of offspring produced that survive into the next

generation, must be 日常用品变为独特的艺术品。

increased as the result of deception. 制陶匠人使用大地上最基本的原

材料--粘土。 粘土几乎随处可见，但好的制陶所用的粘土必植物拟态植物的适应性极为复杂。 某种兰花模仿雌蜂，还

更有些植物具有石须不含小沙粒或任何硬物，否 则会给制陶过程带来不便。 有些植物看上去或嗅起来象 死去的动物，

现在大多数北美制陶艺人买现成的专用陶土，也有些陶匠乐头的外表。

于 就地取材，在作坊附近自己挖粘土。 制陶器最重要的工这些稀奇古怪的适应性不过是植物的众多求生 手段中的一

小部分罢了。 动植物的拟态包括三方面的内容：一是被模

仿者，动物，植物或 小，所以 油会浮在水上。

是生态基层，二是模仿者，即那些去模拟其它东西的生物，如果想得到稳定的乳化，就需要一种乳化剂。 它可以不让油三是上当受骗者，即不能分辨模 仿者与被模仿者的动物。 形成大的油滴。 自然界中，很多动物体中含有乳化剂，如蛋被模仿特征包括形态结构，色彩花纹，动作习性或其它模仿黄和牛奶。

者实 现它与被模仿者相似的特点。 被模仿者可以是其它种乳化剂可以从以下三方面阻止油滴 凝聚。 一、 乳化剂包类的生物或非生命物，如栖居地的环 境。 裹住油滴，在油滴间形成一道物质屏障。 二、 乳化剂降拟态并非某个植物主动的策略。 花朵并非故意诱骗动物来低水的表面

访。 拟态是无数代自然选 择和遗传变异的进化而获得的有张力，从而降低了水排斥油的能力。 三、 乳化剂使油滴利特征的结果。 表面带上了同种电荷，因为同种电 荷互相排斥，油滴之间也比如，有些特征有利于伪装，那么具有这 些特征的植物就比相互排斥。

不具有的易于生存。 这种植物就会有更多的后代，并把这>64 Salt and Metabolism

Just how salt became so crucial to our metabolism is a mystery; 些特征代代相 传。

要让自然选择惠顾模仿者的进化，模仿者必须在模仿其它生one

appealing theory traces our dependence on it to the chemist ry of

物或物体中得到繁殖优势： 它的适应能力，以存活至下一代

the late

的幼兽的数目来衡量，必定因为欺骗而加强了。

Cambrian seas. It was there, a half billion years ago, that tiny

>63 Oil and Water metazoan

To understand the emulsifying process, we must first accept the organisms first evolved systems for sequestering and circulating scientific fluids.

principle that oil and water do not naturally mix. Quite literally, The water of the early oceans might thus have become the they chemical prototype

find each other's presence repulsive. A good illustration of this for the fluids of all animal life - the medium in which cellular aversion operations

is homemade oil and vinegar salad dressing.When you could continue no matter how the external environment changed. shake or beat your This

salad dressing, you do more than disperse the oil throughout the speculation is based on the fact that, even today, the blood vinegar: serums of

you also break down the oil into droplets minute enough to radically divergent species are remarkably similar. Lizards, remain platypuses,

temporarily suspended in the vinegar (which from now on we sheep, and humans could hardly be more different in anatomy or will call water, eating

because that tart condiment is in effect mainly water). The habits, yet the salt content in the fluid surrounding their blood second you cells is

stop agitating the dressing, the oil droplets start to virtually identical. As early marine specics made their way to combine fresh water

into units too large to be suspended in the water, and and eventually to dry land, sodium remained a key ingredient thus slither of their

their way upward, separating from the water in the process. The interior, if not their exterior, oil rises milieu. The most successful mammalian species would have to the top and the water sinks because oil has a lower specific been those that density developed efficient hormonal systems for maintaining the than water. If you want a stable emulsion, you need an needed emulsifying agent sodium concentrations. The human body, for example, which prevents the oil droplets from combining into larger uses the hormones units. renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone to retain or release tissue Emulsifying agents occur naturally in many animal fluids and substances blood plasma. The result, under favorable conditions, is a including egg yolks and milk. An emulsifying agent helps to dynamic keep the oil equilibrium in which neither fluid volume nor sodium particles from combining in three basic ways. First, the agent concentration coats the fluctuates too dramatically. But if the body is deprived of salt, oil, serving as a physical barrier between the droplets. Second, it the reduces effects soon become dangerous, despite compensatory the water's surface tension, which, in turn, reduces the water's mechanisms. 盐与新 ability to

陈代谢盐为何成为人类新陈代谢的关键是一个谜；一个富有

repulse oil. Third, the agent gives the surfaces of the oil droplets

identical electrical charges; since like charges repel each other 吸引力的理论认为我们对盐的依 赖可从寒武纪海洋的化学

变化中得到线索。 the

五亿年前，就是在那里，微小的后生动物首先 进化成与外隔droplets repel each other.

油和水为理解乳化过程的发生，我们必须首先认识到这样一绝的循环液体系统。 因此，早期海洋里的水可能是所有动条科学原理：水和油不能自 然混合，它们实实在在互相排斥。 物体内液体的化学 家制的油醋沙拉调料就是一个好例子。 原型--一个无论外界环境如何改变，其细胞活动仍将继续的环当你搅拌沙拉调 料时，你不仅使油扩散到醋里，而且使油滴境。 这个设想是建立这一事 实基础上： 即使是在今天，被搅得很小可以悬浮在醋中(自此我们改称它为 水，因为事物种迥异的众多动物血清非常相似。 实上这种酸性调味品的主要成份就是水)。 蜥蜴、鸭嘴兽、绵羊和人 类，在解剖学和饮食习惯上完全不一旦你停止了搅动，油滴就会凝聚， 大到再也不能悬浮在水同，但细胞周围的液体中的盐含量却基本上是相等的。 在 中时，它们就向上滑动出来而与水分离了。 因为油的密度海洋生物向淡水区域并最终向陆地移动的过程中，盐始终是

它们生存环境--如果不是外部环 境，其码也是内部环境中的曾结过两次婚的约翰〃塞维尔--田纳西州的第一位州长，生了 关键成份。 18 个孩子，他长期 的仇敌，约翰〃提普敦也结过两次婚并最高级的哺乳类动物为保持所需的盐浓度而进化出 了高效有 17 个孩子。

的内分泌系统。 例如，人体为了保留或释放组织液体和血浆最初，在这些庞大的家庭中，全部的 财产合起来也不过是一而使用高血压蛋白原酶、 把斧头、一把猎刀和一根钻子，一条步枪，一两匹马，牛和血管紧张素、醛固酮等激素。 这样在有利的环境下，液体猪，一袋 与其中盐浓度之间形成的动态平 衡，两者均不致出现大起大玉米种子和一袋盐，或可能还有一把锯子和一台织布机。 那落。 些新到一个地区的人们一连数 月靠野味、印第安玉米和季节但如果身体里丧失了的盐分，尽管有各种的补偿机制，后 果性野果维持生活。 将马上极其危险。 然而，即使最初很贫穷，他们自信很快就 会富起来。 一块>65 The Early Settlers in North America 适合耕种的土地不仅仅代表着金钱，更意味着尊严。 这一点The North American frontier changed some of the 是无法向城市 居民解释的。

characteristics of the pioneers of the 1750's and intensified 这一固执的想法每周都将整船整船的渴望者带往波士顿、纽others. They were, as a group, semiliterate, proud,and stubborn,

约、费城、巴尔 的摩、查尔斯城和萨瓦那。 跟随着他们的

as dogged in their insistence on their own way of life as

先行者，这些渴望的人们象潮水一般涌向荒野，

pine roots cracking granite to grow. Perhaps their greatest

去生养更多的子女，而这些子女又将需求更多的土地。 resource was

their capacity to endure. They outlasted recurrent plagues of >66 Plants in the Deserts

Some cacti, like the saguaro, grow to tree size, but true trees need smallpox and

malaria and a steady progression of natural more

moisture than most desert environments can supply, so they are accidents. They were

incredibly prolific. Squire Boone's family of eight children scarce on

deserts. Close to streambeds, cottonwoods can sometimes be was small

by frontier standards. James Roberson, an eventual neighbor of found. Though

these streams are dry most of the year, water flows there longest Boone's

and the founder of Nashville, had eleven children. Twiceand is

usually available fairly close to the surface. Elsewhere, trees married John

Sevier, the first governor of Tennessee, fathered eighteen; his must send

taproots deep into the hard baked desert soil to draw on longtime

enemy, John Tipton, also twice married, produced seventeen. The underground water.

Perhaps the most widespread family of trees on the world's entire

assets of one of these huge families often amounted, in the deserts is the

acacia, whose taproots drill down as far as 25 feet beginning, to

little more than an axe, a hunting knife, an auger, a rifle, a horse (7. 5 meters). The mesquite common on North American deserts

in both tree or

two, some cattle and a few pigs, a sack of corn seed and another and shrub forms, does not begin to grow above ground until its

root system of salt,

perhaps a crosscut saw, and a loom. Those who moved first into a is completely developed, ensuring the plant a supply of moisture.

The roots new region

lived for months at a time on wild meat, Indian maize, and native of shrubs and trees help to hold the desert soil in place. Their

stalks and fruits in

season. Yet if they were poor at the beginning, they confidently branches also act as screens to keep the wind from sweeping

great drifts of expected

that soon they would be rich. In a way almost impossible to sand along the surface. These services are vital if a desert is to

support define to urban

dwellers, a slice of ground suitable for farming represented not life. Scientists estimate that a desert needs year round plant cover

over just

dollars and cents, but dignity. The obsession brought 20 to 40 percent of its surface. If shrubs are too far apart -

separated by shiploads of

yearners every week to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, a distance greater than five times their height - soil around them

is Baltimore, Charles

Towne, and Savannah. It sent them streaming westward into the likely to blow away. Without the shelter of established shrubs,

new wilderness

after their predecessors to raise still more children who wanted seedlings will have difficulty in getting a start. On the other

hand, still

plants that are too close together may compete for underground more land.

北美早期殖民者北美的边远地区改变了 18 世纪 50 年代拓moisture. To

protect themselves from this competition some shrubs give off a

荒者的一些特点，而强化了他

substance

们的另一些特点。 作为一个整体，他们是半文盲，高傲并

that kills young plants that sprout too close to them. In addition

且顽固。 他们坚持自己的生活方 式就象松树根在花岗石中to a few 爆缝生长。 varieties of trees and tough shrubs, most deserts have grasses, 也许，他们最大的资源是忍耐能力。 他们熬过了经常 性的herbs, and

天花、疟疾等瘟疫及一系列自然灾难。 他们出奇地多育。 other annual plants. These do not compete for moisture with the

longer 依他们的标准，斯夸尔布恩

有八个孩子是少的了。 最后成了布恩的邻居并且是那士维lived growth. They spring up quickly after rains, when the

surface is

的建造者的詹姆士〃罗伯逊有 11 个孩子。

moist. Then, for a brief time, the desert can be literally carpeted

with war economy

color. Almost as quickly as they appeared, these small plants die was rumbling along in high gear. Everything from steamboats to away. But shovels was

they have developed special ways of ensuring the life of another needed and produced. Denied Southern cotton, textile generation mills turned to wool when rains come again. for blankets and uniforms. Hides by the hundreds of thousands 沙漠中的植物一些仙人掌，如撒瓜罗，能长到象树那么高。 were turned

into shoes and harness and saddles; ironworks 但真正的树却需要比大多

数沙漠所能提供的更多的水份，所以树在沙漠里是鲜见的。manufactured

locomotives, ordnance, armor plate. Where private

在小溪河床附近，有时能发现三 角叶杨。

enterprise lagged, the

尽管一年的大多数时间里这些小溪都是干涸的，那里却是水

government set up its own factories or arsenals. Agriculture

流得时间最长的地方 而且水份相当靠近地表。 boomed, with

其它地方树木的主根必须深入受炙烤而坚硬的沙漠底部的土machinery doing the job of farm workers drawn into the army. In 壤以 吸取地下水。 在沙漠里分布最广的树或许是刺魏，其short,

everything that a nation needed to fight a modern war was 主根能深达 25 英尺(合 7 5 米)。

produced in 牧

豆树属植物不论是乔木和灌木，在北美沙漠中常常可见，在uncounted numbers. Inevitably there were profiteers with

gold headed

它根部系统完全生长发达到能保 证提供充足的水分时才长

canes and flamboyant diamond stickpins, but for

出地面。 every crooked tycoon 灌木和树的根有助于固定沙漠中的土壤，它们的茎和树 枝同there were thousands of ordinary citizens living on fixed incomes 时起屏障的作用，防止风从沙漠表面吹起大堆的沙。 如果who did 沙漠要支持生命，这种作用 必不可少。 their best to cope with rising prices and still make a contribution 科学家估计一年之中植物必须覆盖沙漠表面的 20%到 to the

40%。 如果灌木间隔太 远--大于它们高度的 5 倍--周围的war effort. Those who could bought war bonds; others knitted,

sewed, 土壤就可能被吹走。

nursed, or lent any other assistance in their power.

如果没有这些灌木作为保护，新的种 子很难生长。 另一方

美国内战美国内战中的军事方面一直最吸引学者们的注意。

面，植物相互靠得太近却会引起竞争地下水分。 为避免竞

轰隆的炮声、军人大规模 的阵式，尖锐的军号和白刃战的场

争，一些灌

面，已吸引了战争研究者们一个世纪。

木会释放一种物质来杀死那些距他们太近发芽的植物。 除

然而，在后方， 生活却没有这般壮观。那里的故事就是为作

了一些种类的树木和顽强的灌木 外，大多数沙漠里还有青

战的军人提供食物和武装而做劳累至极的工作，

草、草本植物和其它年生植物。

对国家事态的焦虑和对在战争中失去丈夫、兄弟和儿子的撕

它们并不与长期生长的树木竞争 水份。当雨后地表还潮湿时

心裂肺。 如果说前线的人们获 得了胜利，那胜利的手段就

它们就迅速发芽，然后在一个短时间里，给沙漠铺上绿色地

要归功于后方的人们。

毯。

在其历史上，美国人从来没有象在内战 中那样为夺取胜利而

这些小植物很快就消失了，几乎就象它们长出来时那样迅速，

如此努力。南方人和北方人一样投入到为各自军队供应物资

但它们已发展了特殊方式来保 证在下次降雨来时下一代的

的任务中。

生命。

双方政府对民众都提出巨大的要求，总的来说，得到了极积

>67 The American Civil War

The military aspect of the United States Civil War has 的合作。 到了 1863 年，北方战 时经济呈高速运转，从蒸

气船到铁锹，一切都需要并且生产出来。 always attracted

the most attention from scholars. The roar of gunfire, the 由于没有了南方产的棉 massed 花，纺织工厂纷纷转用毛料生产毯子和军衣。 几十万件的movements of uniformed men, the shrill o f bugles, and the 皮革制成了鞋、挽具和马鞍。 铁 厂生产出机车、大炮、装drama of hand to 甲板。

hand combat have facinated students of warfare for a century. 私营企业不足以承担的方面，政府就成立自己的工厂和兵 工Behind the

厂。 农业迅猛发展，因为农场工人参军后机械代替了手工。

lines, however, life was less spectacular. It was the story of back

总之，国家参加现代战争所

breaking labor to provide the fighting men with food and arms, 需的多得数不清的物资都生产出来了。 不可避免地出现了

一些手持镀金手杖，戴着耀眼的 钻石别针的投资商。 但每of nerve

tingling uncertainty about the course of national events, of 有一个奸诈的富翁就有成千上万的普通市民。 heartbreak 他们依靠固定的收 入尽他们最大的努力应付着上涨的物价，over sons or brothers or husbands lost in battle. If the men on the 为战争做着贡献。 那些有能力的人购买战争债券， firing 其他的人编织、缝补衣服，护理伤病人或做其它一切他们力line won the victories, the means to those victories were forged

所能及的工作。

on the

home front. Never in the nation's history had Americans >68 Women in Colonial North America

The status of women in colonial North America has been well worked harder for

victory than in the Civil War. Northerners and Southerners studied and

described and can be briefly summarized. Throughout the alike threw

themselves into the task of supplying their colonial period

there was a marked shortage of women, which varied with the respective armies.

Both governments made tremendous demands upon regions and was

always greatest in the frontier areas. This favorable ratio civilians and, in

general, received willing cooperations. By 1863 the Northern enhanced

women's status and position and allowed them to pursue different Higher Education To produce the upheaval in the United States careers. that changed

The Puritans, the religious sect that dominated the early british and modernized the domain of higher education from the midcolonies 1860's to the

in North America, regarded idleness as a sin, and believed that mid 1880's, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a life in an half dozen

underdeveloped country made it absolutely necessary that each leaders in education provided the personal force that was member of the needed.

community perform an economic function. Thus work for Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, women, married or and more

single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and duty. Puritan friends of nearly

town councils expected widows and unattached women all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode to be self all

supporting and for a long time provided needy conservative opposition. The aggressive \oung Yale\ spinsters with parcels movement appeared,

of land. There was no social sanction against married women demanding partial alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a working; on the broader

contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in their course of study. The graduates of Harvard college trade and won simultaneously rallied

social approval for doing extra work in or out of the home. to relieve the college's poverty and demand new enterprise. Needy children, Education was

girls as well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off expected to church

work for their keep. The vast majority of women worked within leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range their homes, of studies

where their labor produced most articles needed for the family. and a new sense of public duty. The old style classical The entire education

colonial production of cloth and clothing and partially that of received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard shoes was College, where

in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty five, son of a women were found former

in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, treasurer of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Five silversmiths, revolutionary

gunsmiths and upholsterers. They ran mills, advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's plantations, tanyards, administration.

shipyards, and every kind of shop, tavern, and boardinghouse. They were the elevation and amplification of entrance They were requirements, the

gatekeepers, jail keepers, sextons, journalists, printers, enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the apothecaries, elective midwives, nurses, and teachers. system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the 北美殖民时期的妇女北美殖民时期女性的社会地位曾得到过raising

of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a 深入研究和描述，并可简短 概括。

整个殖民时期，女性人数明显不足，各地情况不尽相同，在postgraduate level, and the fostering of greater maturity in

students'

边远地区尤其缺少。 这 种对女性有利的比例提高了她们的

life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872-1873

社会地位和职位，使她们能追求不同的事业。 and

清教徒是 早期英属殖民地的宗教主流。 它视懒惰为犯罪，1876-1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of 认为在不发达农村社区的每一个成员都必 须发挥经济作用。 student

所以已婚或单身女性工作不仅是许可的，而且被认为是公民affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates 的义务。 清 教徒的镇议会认为寡妇和未婚女性也应该自食were led

to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young 其力，而且在相当长一段时期里，向贫困的老

而未婚的女子提供土地。 社会不反对已婚妇女工作；相反，animals. One

new course of study after another was opened up - science, music,

要求她们帮助丈夫从事他们的 行当。 在家庭内外做额外劳

the

动的妻子们会得到社会的赞同。 history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, 贫困的儿童，女孩和男孩一样， 也要签师徒契约做学徒，想physics,

保住这个生计就要工作。 绝大多数女性在家庭里劳动，生classical philology, and international law. 产大 部分家用必需品。 美国高等教育的革命从 19 世纪 60 年代中期到 19 世纪 殖民时期全部的布料和衣服以及一部分的鞋都出自女性的双80 年代中期，改变了美国高等教 育并使其现代化的激变有手。 除了从 事这些职业，妇女也从事许多不同类型的职业，三个互相作用的因素。 如做屠夫、铁匠、军械工和家俱修理工。 她 六位教育界领导者的出现保证了所需的人 力因素。 除此之们经营手工作坊、种植园、制革场、造船厂和各类商店、小外，要求更新、更实用、更高层次的教育呼声在几乎所有老旅馆和供膳寄宿处。 她们当守 门人或狱卒，教堂司事、记式学院的校友 者、印刷工、药剂师、助产士、护士和教师。 和朋友间升起并发展成压倒所有保守派的一场运动。 咄咄>69 The Revolution in American 逼人的\青年耶鲁\运动出现了， 要求校友具有部分控制，更自由的精神和更广的选课范围。

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