新东方背诵80篇打印版（含翻译）1(3)

university 国青年因不满国内所受的教育而赴德深造。 他们中的一些had developed. The German university was concerned 人回国后成为一些知名学府--哈 佛、耶鲁、哥伦比亚的校长primarily with 并且把这些学府转变成了现代意义的大学。 creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.

新校长们断绝了和 教会的关系，聘请了新型的教职员，聘用

Between midcentury

教授根据的是他们在学科方面的知识，而不是正确 的信仰和

and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young

约束学生的强硬手段。 Americans,

dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for 新的原则是大学既要传播知识也要创造知识。 这就需要由

学者型老师组成教工队伍。 靠死记硬背和做练习来学习的方advanced

study. Some of them returned to become presidents of 法变为德国式的讲解方法。 德 venerable colleges -- 国式的讲解就是由教授讲授自己的研究课题。 通过研究生Harvard, Yale, Columbia -- and transform them into modern 性质的学习可以获得表明最高学 术造诣的古老的德国学位--universities. The

博士学位。

new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a

随着讨论课制度的建立，研究生们学会了提问、分 析以及开new kind

of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, 展他们自己的研究。 同时，新式大学学校规模和课程设臵

完全突破了过去那种只 not

because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm 有数学、经典著作、美学和音乐的狭窄课程表。 哈佛大学for 的校长率先推出选课制度，这样

disciplining students. The new principle was that a 学生们就能选择自己的专业。主修领域的概念也出现了。新university was to 的目标是使大学对实际社会更有 用。 create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a

密切关注着社会上的实际需求，新的大学着意培养学生解决

faculty

composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by 问题的能力。 工程系学生

成为新式教育体制下最典型的学生。学生们还被培训成为经rote were

replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which 济学家、建筑师、农学家、社会 工作人员以及教师。

>19 Children's Numerical Skills the professor's

own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of the children

Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an

internal highest level of

advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With theclock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long

after establishment of

and talk, they can set the table with the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, learning to walk

analyze, and impressive accuracy

-- one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. conduct their own research.

At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size Soon they and course are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted and forks

on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces curriculum of

mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of of

silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on toHarvard

subtraction. pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to

choose their It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were

secluded on a own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study

desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she emerged. The new

goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of could

enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious the world.

Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the problems of new intellectual adjustment.

universities trained men and women to work at its Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of

cognitive tasks, with

engineering students being the most characteristic of the new psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning

on which regime.

Students were also trained as economists, architects, intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as agriculturalists, they slowly

grasped -- or, as the case might be, bumped into -- concepts that social welfare workers, and teachers.

adults 现代美国大学

take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that

19 世纪 50 年代以前美国有一些小的学院，大多数成立于殖quantity

is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall 民时期。 它们是与教会挂

thin one.

钩的小机构，主要目的是培养学生的道德品行。 当时在欧

Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children,

洲各地，高等教育机构已经发展 起来，用的是一个古老的名asked to count 称--大学。 the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red 德国已经发展出一种不同类型的大学。 德国大学关 心的主pencils,

要是创造知识和传播知识，而不是道德教育。 从世纪中叶到but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have

suggested that 世纪末，有 9000 多名美

the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and

with effort. They were more than the securing of a freer constitution. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstractnumbers - included the the idea of growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of from the objects and roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically king or demanding than dynasty. With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was setting a table - is itself far from innate. born,

not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole 儿童的数学能力

人似乎生来就会计算。 孩子们使用数字的技能发展得如此world.

人类行为之早和如此必然，很容易让 人想象有一个内在的精确而成熟美国革命的历史意义 历史的进程是如此错综复杂，

的动机是如此令人费解，以至于想把那些时间跨 的数字钟在指导他们的成长。

孩子们在学会走路和说话后 不久，就能以令人惊叹的准确布度大，涉及人数多，空间范围广的事件描述成为一个智者或臵桌子--五把椅子前面分别摆上一把刀、一个汤匙、一把叉 一场社会运动的表现的企图是危 险的。

子。 很快地，他们就能知道他们已在桌面上摆放了五把刀、然而以托马斯〃杰弗逊登上总统宝座为高潮的那一段历史过五个汤匙、五把叉子。 没有多 久，他们就又能知道这些东程可以被视为一个特殊 的例子。

在这段历史时期里不仅诞生了新的生活方式，而且民族主义西加起来总共是 15 把银餐具。

如此这般地掌握了加法之后，他 们又转向减法。 有一种设成为了一种新的生活 方式。 美国独立战争成为联结 17 世想几乎顺理成章，那就是，即使一个孩子一出生就被隔绝到纪现代英格兰的自我意识和 18

世纪末现代欧洲的觉醒 的纽带。 历史的行程需要跨越大西荒岛

上，七年后返回世间，也能直接上小学二年级的数学课，而洋，这看起来似乎有些奇怪，但却只有在北美殖民地为 民权不会碰到任何智力调整方面的大 麻烦。当然，事实并没有这和自由的斗争才能导致新国家的建立。

这里，反对\暴政\的民众起义的成果不仅是获 得一个包含更么简单。

本世纪认知心理学家的工作已经揭示了智力发展所依 赖的多自由的宪法，还包括了一个依照人民的意愿诞生在自由中日常学习的微妙形式。 他们观察到孩子们缓慢掌握那些成的国家的成长。这

个国家不是基于血缘、地理、君主或王朝的野心。 由于有年人认为理所当然的概念的

过程，或者是孩子们偶然遇到这些概念的过程。 他们也观了美国，第一次一个国家的诞生

不是发生在历史模糊的过去，而是在全世界人们的眼前。 察到孩子们拒绝承认某些常识的 情况。 比如：

孩子们拒绝承认当水从短而粗的瓶中倒入细而长的瓶子中>21 The Origin of Sports

When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the

时，水的数量没有 变化。 心理学家们而后又展示一个例子，

claim might

即：让孩子们数一堆铅笔时，他们能顺利地报出 蓝铅笔或红

be made that sport is much older than humankind, for, as we

铅笔的数目，但却需诱导才能报出总的数目。 此类研究表all have 明：数学基础是经过 逐渐努力后掌握的。 observed, the beasts play. Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball 他们还表示抽象的数字概念，如可表示任何一类物品并且是games.

在做比摆 桌子有更高数学要求的任何事时都必备的一、二、Fishes and birds dance. The apes have simple,

pleasurable games. 三意识，远远不是天生就具备的。

Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult

arm wrestlers >20 The Historical Significance of American

are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies Revolution

The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of bonds with the

universe of animals - past, present, and future. Young human actions

so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent animals,

particularly, tumble, chase, run, wrestle, mock, imitate, and events

covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant laugh(or so

localities as theexpression of one intellectual or social movement; it seems) to the point of delighted exhaustion. Their play, and

ours, yet

the historical process which culminated in the ascent ofappears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the

players, and Thomas Jefferson

to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in

earnest. only of

the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most

noble part life. The

conceptions, play American Revolution represents the link between the of our basic nature. In their generous

harmlessly and seventeenth century,

in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and

imagination into action. Play is release from the tedious awakening of

modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. It may battles against

scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and seem strange

inevitable, tragedies of that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic

life. This is a grand conception that excites and provokes. The Ocean, but

only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic holders of

this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments - liberty lead

liturgy, also to the foundation of a new nation.

Here, in the popular rising against a \literature, and law - can be traced to a play impulse which,

paradoxically, fruits

we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children. Our art glass, sports, in dolls, classic cars, old bottles, and comic books. Thesethis rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, relatively new are more kinds of collectibles may actually appreciate faster as splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play short-term impulse. investments, but may not hold their value as long-term 体育的起源 体育运动开始于何时?如果体育运动的本质就是investments. Once a

collectible has had its initial play, it appreciates at 游戏的话，我们就可以宣称体育运动比

人类古老，因为正如我们所观察到的，野兽也进行嬉戏。 狗a fairly

steady rate, supported by an increasing number of

和猫会扭抱玩球，鱼和鸟翩翩 起舞，猿类会进行一些简单的、

enthusiastic

愉快的游戏。

collectors competing for the limited supply of collectibles that

雀跃的幼儿，捉迷藏的学童和成年摔跤者展 示出人与动物界become 的有力的跨越世代与物种的永恒的联系--特别是幼兽，它们翻increasingly more difficult to locate. 筋斗、追逐、 收藏品

奔跑、扭打、模仿、嬉笑(或者看起来是)，直到愉快地精疲力从古代开始，收藏品就是文化的一部分。 一些物品因它们尽。 他们的玩耍，同我们的 的有用性被收藏，而另一些 则纯粹因为它们的美被收藏。 一样，似乎并没有别的目的而只是给游戏者以愉悦，暂时把在美国，当今流行的收藏品种类从传统物件，如邮票、硬币、 我们从严肃生活的痛苦中拉出来。 一些哲学家称我们的嬉戏珍本书籍、艺术品，到更近期一些的有趣的东西，如布娃娃、是我们本质中最崇高的部分。 瓶子、垒球卡、连环漫画册。 依他们这些随意性很大的见解，游 戏无害而且实验性地允许对收藏品的兴趣在过去十年中大大地增长，部分原因是一些我们的创造力、幻想和想象发挥作用。 游戏让人们从永不收藏品显示出了它们的投资价 值。 间断亦 尤其在高通货膨胀时期，投资者尽量购买那些至少会保持他不可避免的生活悲剧-与乏匮和衰退进行的枯燥抗争中得到们现有市场价值的有形资 产。 一般来说，最传统的收藏品一种解脱。 这是一个令人兴奋、 给人启发的伟大见解。 受青睐，因为它们多年后仍保持其价值。

这种见解的持有者宣称，我们的最高成就如宗教典礼、文学、它们拥有完善的 拍卖市场，在需要现金的时候最容易被卖法律 的起源可以追溯到游戏的冲动。 但令人不解的是我们掉。 一些最稳当的收藏品是古老的画作、中国陶 看到只有幼兽和小孩子才最纯粹地享 器、邮票、硬币、珍本书籍、古代珠宝、银器、瓷器、著名受着这种冲动。 从这种比较豁达和非宿命的人性观来看，艺术家的作品、亲笔签名和有时 代特征的家具。 我们的运动是超时代、跨物种的 辉煌的创造。 其它更近期的物品有旧唱片、旧杂志、明信片、垒球卡片、>22 Collectibles 彩色玻璃、布 娃娃、早期汽车、古瓶和连环画册。 作为短Collectibles have been a part of almost every culture since 期投资这些相对说来较新颖的收藏品的确可能 ancient times. 更快地增值，但作为长期投资则可能不能保值。 一旦一件Whereas some objects have been collected for their

收藏品有了它第一次交易，它便

usefulness, others

have been selected for their aesthetic beauty alone. In 以一个相当稳定的比率增值，这个增值率受到越来越多的热

情的收藏者的支持，他们为有限 的而且越来越难找到的收藏the United

States, the kinds of collectibles currently popular 品而竞争。 range from >23 Henry Ford

traditional objects such as stamps, coins, rare books, and art to Although Henry Ford's name is closely associated with the more concept of mass

recent items of interest like dolls, bottles, baseball cards, and production, he should receive equal credit for comic introducing labor books. practices as early as 1913 that would be considered Interest in collectibles has increased enormously during the past advanced even by decade, today's standards. Safety measures were improved, and the in part because some collectibles have demonstrated their work day was value as reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour investments. Especially during cycles of high inflation, investors day common at try to the time. In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the purchase tangibles that will at least retain their current entire market values. factory was converted from two to three shifts.

In general, the most traditional collectibles will be sought In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for because they those injured

have preserved their value over the years, there is an organized on the job were instituted. The Ford Motor Company was one of auction the first market for them, and they are most easily sold in the event factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled that cash is laborers and an English language school for immigrants. Some needed. Some examples of the most stable collectibles areefforts were old masters, even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former Chinese ceramics, stamps, coins, rare books, antique jewelry, convicts. silver, The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day porcelain, art by well-known artists, autographs, and minimum wage period that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best furniture. Other items of more recent interest mechanics and to include old discourage the growth of labor unions. Ford explained the new photograph records, old magazines, post cards, baseball cards, wage policy

in terms of efficiency and profit sharing. He also mentioned harpsichord maker in Italy(though musicologists pointthe fact that out several

his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that previous instances of the instrument). This they instrument was called a

produced -- in effect creating a market for the product. In order piano e forte (soft and loud), to indicate its dynamic to versatility; its

qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded decent home head. The

and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety,wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments. A thriftiness, series of

industriousness, and dependability. Although some criticism was mechanical improvements continuing well into the directed at nineteenth century,

Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone employees, or to soften

there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the taken finest

advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal people to effects establish themselves in America. from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral 亨利〃福特 尽管亨利〃福特的名字和大生产的概念相连，但fullness

of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive 他在劳工保护上得到同样的赞誉，因为

他早在 1913 年便实行了用今天的标准来衡量依然是先进的brilliance. 标准。 安全措施得到改进，日工 作时间从当时普遍的 10 或 钢琴

钢琴的家系可以追溯至 15 至 16 世纪早期的键盘乐器，包12 小时减少到 8 小时。

为了适应更短的日工作时间，整个工厂 从双班变成了三班。括小型拨弦琴、洋琴和维金娜 琴。 17

而且，病假和改善了的工伤医疗得以制度化。 福特汽车公世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员。

这种至高无上的地位 一直为它们所保持，直到 18 世纪末期司是最早建

立技术学校来培训专门技工和为移民开设英语学校的工厂之钢琴将它们取代。

敲弦古钢琴的音调有金属的音质， 缺乏雄劲。 然而由于它一。 公司甚至为雇佣残疾人和

有前科的人而作出了一些努力。最受广泛称赞的革新是实行的音调变化多，许多作曲家发现对于亲切的室内乐是一种得五美元一天的最低工资。 其目 的是招收和留住那些最好的体的乐 器。

人们最喜欢用具备明快有力音调的拨弦古钢琴来配合当时小技工并阻碍工会的发展。

福特从效率和利润分享的角度来解释 这项新的工资政策。 型管弦乐团的低音乐器以 及在演奏会上演奏。 但它的音调他也提到这样一个事实，他的员工可以买他们生产的汽车--难以变化，除非使用机械或构件装臵。18

世纪早期的意大 利，钢琴在一位拨琴钢琴制造者手中得到完这实际上 是为其产品另开辟了一个市场。

为了够资格得到最低工资，员工必须建立一个得体的家庭 并善(尽管音乐理论家们指出有更早的例子)。 这 种乐器被称显示出良好的个人习惯，包括节制、俭省、勤勉和可靠。 虽为 piano eforte

(意大利语，柔和而响亮的)，以显示它有力的多样性。 演奏然有人批评福特过多地干涉

了员工的私人生活，但毫无疑问，在移民们被用恶劣的方式者用 一个头部带皮毡的弹击乐锤敲击琴弦。 更早的这种乐剥削的时代，亨利〃福特却帮助 了许多人在美国扎下根来。 器之上的金属丝要重得多。 从此，持

续到 19 世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持>24 Piano

改善金属框架， 以及使用最佳性能的钢丝，The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard 音调或使其柔和，

最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器。 instruments

of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -- the spinet, the 这些效果涵盖了从 最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音dulcimer, and 响，从明快流畅的吟唱的音调到尖锐的打击乐器的清晰 动人the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, 的恢宏气势。 and the >25 Movie Music

harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before a supremacy 1927 as

they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end \ never been, in the full sense of the of the word,

eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic and silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an never indispensable

powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first to it, public film

many composers found the clavichord a sympatheticexhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were instrument for intimate accompanied by

chamber music. The harpsichord with its bright, piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played vigorous tone was bore no

the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any orchestra of kind was

the period and for concert use, but the character of the tonesufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity could not be of playing varied save by mechanical or structural devices. lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth began to century by a take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the

film. 适用乐曲名称和乐曲 转换点等内容的配乐说明单。 某些影As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, 片拥有专门为其创作的音乐。 and perhaps a 这些早期特创乐谱中最 著名的便是为 D. W. 格雷夫斯 cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in

1915 年上映的影片《一个国家的诞生》所创作的音乐。

the

>26 International Business and Cross-cultural

larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a

Communication

number of years

The increase in international business and in foreign

the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in

investment has

the hands

created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign

of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the

languages and

principal

skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however,

qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste

have not been

so much

well trained in either area and, consequently, have not

as the ownership of a large personal library of musical

enjoyed the same

pieces. Since

level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have

the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they

their

were to be

foreign counterparts.

shown (if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them

Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for

then), the

the purpose

musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest

of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and

hurry.

compromise, but in

To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started

order to participate in either one, the negotiators must

the

understand the

practice of publishing suggestions for musical

ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise

accompaniments. In 1909,

is reached within

for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their

the culture of the negotiation.

films such

In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans

indications of mood as \\\The

are perceived

suggestions became

as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the

more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing

foreign

indications

negotiator that the American represents a large

of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise

multi-million-dollar

directions to

corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining

show where one piece led into the next.

further.

Certain films had music especially composed for them. The

The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal

most famous of

purveyor of

these early special scores was that composed and arranged for

information and cash.

D. W.

In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have

Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.

been

电影插曲

identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical

尽管我们习惯于将 1927 年以前的电影称为\无声电影\，但perception, while 是就无声这个词完整的意义 undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular 上来说，电影从未真正的无声过，从最初开始音乐就被视为that cause

cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on 必不可少的伴奏。 当卢米埃尔 的电影在 1896 年 2

月美国首届影片公映展览上放映的时候，影片便用当时的流the part

行曲临场钢 琴伴奏。 最初，这些音乐伴奏与电影没有什么of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American

negotiators

特别的关系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。 但在很

often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign

短的时间内，为一部庄重的影片演奏快活的音乐所产生的不

negotiators, on the

协调感变得显而易见，因此钢琴 家们开始注意将自己的作品other hand, may value the relationship established between 与影片的情调结合起来。 negotiators and

随着影剧院在数量上与重要性上的不 断增长，在一些场合，may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In 除了钢琴师外，还要加上小提琴师，或许还有一位大提琴师。 order to

solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect 较大

的影剧院里还组成了小型的管弦乐队。 在很长的时间内，interactions

without regard for the time

为各部影片选择配乐完全掌握在

involved in getting to know the other negotiator.

乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常把持这种职位的资格不是技巧Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the 或鉴赏品味，而是拥有一个大的 音乐作品的个人收藏。 outcomes of

因为直到电影上映的前一天晚上乐队指挥才能看到影片(如negotiations and the success of negotiators. For Americans to 果这个指 挥真正有幸能够看到影片的话)，音乐安排通常是play a

more effective role in international business negotiations, 在非常匆忙的情况下临场进行的。为了解

决以上的困难，电影发行公司开办了为音乐伴奏印制提示单they must put

forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding. 的业务。 例如 1909 年爱迪生公

国际商业和跨文化交流 国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了

司开始将一些诸如\喜悦的\、\悲伤的\、\活泼的\之类表明影

对具有外语知识和跨文化交 流技巧的经理的需求。 片情调特征的提示与影片一起 发行。

这些提示逐渐变得更加具体，并且出现了包括影片情调说明、然而，美国人在这两方面未得到良好的训练，因此没有在国

际谈判 中象他们的外国对手一样成功。 谈判是为了达成协

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