foundation on global manufacturing

Foundation on global manufacturing

翻译：（仅供参考，请勿较真！）

2.2 Necessity for systematic design (翻译）

2.2.1 Requirements and the need for systematic design

In view of the central responsibility of designers for the technical and economic properties of a product, and the commercial importance of timely and efficient product development, it is important to have a defined design procedure that finds good solutions. This procedure must be flexible and at the same time be capable of being planned,optimized and verified. Such a procedure, however, cannot be realized if the designers do not have the necessary domain knowledge and cannot work in a systematic way. Furthermore, the use of such a procedure should be encouraged and supported by the organization.

鉴于设计师对产品的技术和经济性，并及时和高效的产品开发的商业重要性的中央负责的，它有一个定义的设计过程，找到良好的解决方案是非常重要的。这个过程必须是灵活的，并在同一时间能够被计划，优化和验证的。这样的程序，但是，就不可能实现，如果设计者不具备必要的领域知识，可以在一个系统的方式不能工作。此外，使用这样的程序，应通过该组织鼓励和支持。

Nowadays one distinguishes between design science and design methodology [1.90]. Design science uses scientific methods to analyze the structures of technical systems and their relationships with the environment. The aim is to derive rules for the development of these systems from the system elements and their relationships.

如今人们区分设计科学的设计方法[ 1.90 ]之间。设计科学用科学的贪利分析技术系统及其与环境的关系的结构。其目的是为了获得规则对这些系统从系统元素及其关系的发展。 Design methodology, however ,is a concrete course of action for the design of technical systems that derives its knowledge from design science and cognitive psychology, and from practical experience in different domains. It includes plans of action that link working steps and design phases according to content and organization. These plans must be adapted in a flexible manner to the specific task general and specific goals as well as methods to solve individual design problems or partial tasks.

设计方法，但是，是一项具体的行动过程中的技术系统的一个派生自设计科学和认知心理学的知识，并从不同的领域实践经验的设计。它包括根据内容和组织联系工作步骤和设计阶段的行动计划。这些方案必须适应以灵活的方式对特定任务的一般和具体的目标以及方法来解决个别的设计问题或部分任务。

This is not meant to detract from the importance of intuition or experience; quite the contrary-the additional use of systematic procedures can only serve to increase the output and inventiveness of talented designers. Any logical and systematic approach,however exacting, involves a measure of intuition; that is, an inkling of the overall solution. No real success is likely without intuition.

这不是意味从直觉或经验的重要性，贬低;恰恰相反，额外使用的系统的程序，只会增

加才华横溢的设计师的输出和创造性。任何逻辑和系统的方法，但是严格，涉及到直觉的措施;也就是说，整体解决方案的端倪。没有真正的成功可能没有直觉。

Design methodology should therefore foster and guide the abilities of designers, encourage creativity, and at the same time drive home the need for objective evaluation of the result. Only in this way is it possible to raise the general standing of designers and the regard in which their work is held. Systematic procedures help to render designing comprehensible and also enable the subject to be taught. However ,what is learned and recognised about design methodology should not be taken as dogma. Such procedures merely try to steer the efforts of designers from unconscious into conscious and more purposeful paths. As a result, when they collaborate with other engineers, designers will not merely be holding their own, but will be able to take the lead[1.130]

因此，设计方法，应促进和引导设计师的能力，鼓励创新，并在同一时间开车回家需要对结果的客观评价。只有这样，才有可能提高设计师的整体地位，以及他们的工作是举行的方面。系统的程序有助于使设计易于理解，也使被教导的主题。然而，什么是教训和认可有关的设计方法不应该被视为教条。这样的程序仅仅是尝试让设计师从无意识的努力转化为自觉和更有针对性的路径。因此，当他们与其他工程师合作，设计人员不仅将被拿着自己的，但将能够率先[ 1.130 ].

Systematic design provides an effective way to rationalize the design and production processes. In original design, an ordered and stepwise approach even if this is on a partially abstract level will provide solutions that can be used again. Structuring the problem and task makes it easier to recognise application possibilities for established solutions from previous projects and to use design cataloguizes. The stepwise concretization of established solution principles makes it possible to select and optimize them at an early stage with a smaller amount of effort. The approach of developing size ranges and modular products is an important start to rationalist in the design area, but is especially important for the production process. 系统的设计提供合理化的设计和生产过程的有效途径。在最初的设计，有序和逐步的做法即使是在部分抽象水平将提供可再次使用的解决方案。构建的问题和任务使得它很容易被辨认从以前的项目建立的解决方案应用的可能性和使用的设计目录。确立解决方案的原则逐步具体化，使人们有可能选择与较小的精力去优化它们在早期阶段。开发尺寸范围和模块化产品的方法是一个重要的开始，以合理化的设计区域，但是对于生产过程中尤为重要。 A design methodology is also a prerequisite for flexible and continuous computer support of the design process using product models stored in the computer. Without this methodology it is not possible to:develop knowledge-based systems; use stored data and methods; link separate programs, especially geometric modellos with analysis programs; ensure the continuity of data flow; and link data from different company division(CIM, PDM). Systematic procedures also make it easier to divide the work between designers and computers in a meaningful way.

设计方法也是灵活的，持续的计算机支持使用存储在电脑的产品型号的设计过程的先决条件。如果没有这几个方法，这是不可能的，开发基于知识系统，使用存储的数据和方法，连接单独的程序，尤其是几何建模与分析程序，确保数据的连续性，并从不同的公司部门链接数据。系统的程序也要更容易划分的意义的方式设计人员和电脑之间的工作。

A rational approach must also cover the cost of computation and quality considerations. More accurate and speedy preliminary calculations with the help of better data are necessity in the design field, as is the early recognition of weak points in a solution. All this calls for systematic processing of the design documentation.

一个理性的做法也必须涵盖计算和质量的考虑的成本，具有更好的数据帮助下更准确和快速的初步计算是在设计领域的必需品，因为是在一个解决方案的早期识别薄弱点。所有这一切都需求对设计文件进行系统处理。 A design methodology,therefore,must:

*allow a problem-directed approach;i.e.it must be applicable to every type of design activity,no matter which specialist field it involves

*foster inventiveness and understanding;i.e.facilitate the search for optimum solutions *be compatible with the concepts,methods and findings of other disciplines *not rely on finding solutions by chance

*facilitate the application of known solutions to related tasks *be compatible with electronic data processing *be easily taught and learned

*reflect the finding of cognitive psychology and modern management science;i.e.reduce workload, save time, prevent human error,and help to maintain active interest.

*ease the planning and management of teamwork in an integrated and interdisciplinary product development process

*provide guidance for leaders of product development teams 设计方法，因此，必须；

*让问题导向的方法，也就是说，它必须用于所有类型的设计活动，不管它涉及的专业领域

*福斯特创造性和理解，即方便寻找最佳的解决方案 *与电子数据处理兼容

*反映了认知心理学和现代管理科学的结果，即减少工作量节省时间，避免人为错误，并有助于保持积极关注

*缓解一体的综合多学科产品开发过程的规划团队合作管理对于产品开发团队领导者提供指导。

2.2.2 Historical background

It is difficult to determine the origins of systematic design. Can we trace it back to Leonardo da Vinci? Anyone looking at the sketches of this early master must be surprised to see-and the modern systematist delights in discovering-the great extent to which Leonardo used systematic variation of possible solutions[1.118]. Right up to the industrial era,designing was closely associated with arts and crafts.

它是难以确定的系统的设计的起源。我们可以把它追溯到达芬奇，任何人都希望在这个早期大师的草图必须是惊讶地看到和现代。惊喜地发现到莱安纳多使用的可能的解决方案的系统变异的巨大影响。说得最多的工业时代，实际是密切与工艺相关的。

With the rise of mechanization in the nineteenth century,as Redtenbacher pointed out early on his Principi der MECHANIK unde DES Masculineness (principles of Mechanics and of Machine Construction),attention became increasingly focused on a number of characteristics and principle that continue to be of great importance use of materials,easy assembly and maximum rationalization.

在第十九世纪的机械化的兴起，为雷腾巴赫尔指出早在他的原理之间关系的确定der机械学和DES masculineness（的mechanics和机械结构原理），注意力越来越集中在一些特点和原则仍然是非常重要的材料使用，易于装配和最大化。

Redtenbacher pupil rouleaux developed these ideas but,in view of their often conflicting

requirements,suggested that the assessment of their relative importance must be left to the intelligence and discretion of individual designers. they cannot be treated in a general way or be taught.

雷腾巴赫尔瞳孔Reuleaux开发这些想法但是，他们的要求往往是相互矛盾的观点，认为其相对重要性评价要留到智力和个人设计师的自由裁量权。他们不能在一般的方式处理或被教。

Important contributions to the development of engineering design were also made by bach and Fiedler.who realized that the selection of materials,the choice of production methods and the provision of adequate strength are of equal importance and that they influence one another .

工程设计的发展做出了重要的贡献，也被巴赫和riedler.who使意识到，材料选择，生产方法的选择和适当强度的规定具有同等重要的地位，他们的相互影响。

Rotscher mentions the following essential characteristics of design specified purpose , effective load paths , and efficient production and assembly . ;oads should be conducted along the shortest paths , and if possible by axial forces rather than by bending moments. Longer load paths not only waste materials and increase costs but also require considerable changers in shape . calculation and laying out must go hand-in-hand . designers start with what they are given and with ready-made assemblies . as soon as possible ., they should make scale drawings to ensure the correct spatial layout . calculation can be used to obtain either rough estimates for preliminary layout or precise values that are used to check the detail design.

Rotscher提到以下基本特征的设计指定的目的,有效的加载路径,和高效的生产和组装。沿着最短路径;oads应该进行,如果可能的话,轴力而不是弯曲的时刻。再加载路径不仅浪费材料,增加成本,也需要相当大的形状的变动。计算和布置必须携手并进。设计师开始与他们有什么和现成的组件。尽快。,他们应该让规模图纸,以确保正确的空间布局。计算可以粗略估计用于获得初步布局或精确值,用于检查详细设计。

Laudian , upon examining the load paths in machine parts , gave the following advice ;for a rigid connection ,join the parts in the direction of the load; if flexibility is required , join the parts along indirect load paths ;do not make unnecessary provisions;do not fulfill more demands than are required;save by simplification and economical construction.

劳德式们虚伪在检查机器零件的加载路径,给以下建议;刚性连接,连接部分的方向载荷;如果需要灵活性,加入部分以及间接加载路径;不要做不必要的规定;不需要满足的要求比;拯救被简化和经济建设。

Modern systematic ideas were pioneered by erk ens in the 1920s, he insisted on a step-by-step approach based on constant testing-and evaluation , and also on the balancing of conflicting demands , a process that must be continued until a network of ideas-the design –emerges.

现代系统理念开创了较实体在1920年代,他坚持一种循序渐进的方法基于常数效率评估,并在平衡各种相互冲突的要求,这一过程必须持续到-emerges ideas-the网络设计。

A more comprehensive account of the “technique of design”has been presented by wogerbauer , whose contribution we consider to be the origin of systematic design .he divides the overall task into subsidiary tasks , and these into operational and implementation al tasks , he also examines (but fails to present in systematic form )the numerous interrelationships between the identifiable constraints designers must take into account, wogerbauer himself does not proceed to

a systematic elaboration of solutions, his systematic search starts with a solution .his systematic elaboration of solutions his systematic search starts with a solution discovered more or less intuitively and varied as comprehensively as possible in respect to the basic form , materials and method of production , the resulting profusion of plausible solutions is then reduced by tests and evaluations , with cost being a crucial criterion .wpgerbauer very comprehensive list of characteristics helps in the search for an optimum solution and also when testing and evaluating the results.

更全面的“技术设计”wogerbauer提出的,其贡献我们认为是系统设计的起源。他将整个任务划分为子公司的任务,而这些操作和执行任务,他还检查(但不存在于系统形式)之间的许多相互关系识别约束设计师必须考虑,wogerbauer自己不进行系统详尽的解决方案,他的系统搜索从一个解决方案。他系统的细化解决方案系统搜索解决方案开始发现或多或少地直观多样尽可能全面尊重的基本形式,材料和生产方法,由此产生的大量可能的解决方案是减少了测试和评估,成本是一个重要标准。wpgerbauer非常全面的特性列表帮助寻找一个最佳的解决方案,也在测试和评估结果。

Franke discovered a comprehensive structure for transmission systems using a logical-functional based on elements with different physical effects . for this reason he is regarded as a representation of those working on the functional comparison of physically different solution elements . rodenacker in particular used this analogical approach . Though some need to improve and rationalise the design process was felt even before wolrld war , progress was impeded by the absence of a reliable means of representing abstract ideals and the widespread view that designing is a form of art not a technical activity like any other . a period of staff shortages in the 1960s created a strong impetus to adopt systematic thinking more widely . important pioneers were

kesserlring ,tschochner, niemann , and leyer . their work continues to provide most useful suggestions for individual phases and steps of systematic design .

弗兰卡发现利用逻辑功能的基础上具有不同的物理效应元件传输系统的综合结构。因为这个原因，他被视为那些工作在物理上不同的固溶元素的功能比较的表示。rodenacker特别是用这个类比的方法。

虽然一些需要改进和优化设计过程中被认为wolrld战争之前，进步的表现抽象的理想可靠的手段，设计是一种艺术而不是像其他技术活动的普遍观点没有阻碍。在20世纪60年代的一段人员短缺创造了采用系统思维更广泛的强大动力。重要的先驱者是kesserlring，tschochner，尼曼，和层。他们的工作继续提供各个阶段和系统设计的步骤最有用的建议。 Kesselring [1.98] first explained the basis of his method of successive

approximations in 1942 (for a summary see [1.96,1.97] and VDI Guideline 2225 [1.195] ) . Its salient feature is the evaluation of form variants according to technical and econmic . In his theory , he mentions five overlying principles : ? The principle of minimum production costs ? The principle of minimum space requirement ? The principle of minimum weight ? The principle of minimum losses ? The principle of optimum hangling

The design and optimisation of individual parts and simple technical artefacts is the aim of the theory of form design . It is characterised by the simultaneous application of physical and econmic laws ,and leads to a determination of the shape and dimensions of compnents and an appropriate choice of materials , production methods , ect . If selected optimisation characteristics are taken into account , the best solution can be found with the help of mathematical methods .

凯塞林[ 1.98 ]首先解释了他连续的近似方法的基础上，在1942（综述见[ 1.96,1.97 ]和VDI指南2225 [ 1.195 ]）。其显著的特点是根据技术与经济的变体形式的评价。在他的理论中，他提到五覆盖的原则： 最低生产成本的原则 最小的空间要求的原则 最小重量原则 最小损失的原则 最佳的处理原则

和各个部分的简单技术的文物的优化设计是造型设计理论的目的。它的特点是由物理和经济规律，同时应用，并导致一个确定的形状和尺寸的成份和选择适当的材料，生产方法，等。如果选择的优化特性的考虑，最好的解决方案，可以发现是用数学方法的帮助.

Tschochner mentions four fundamental design factors , namely the working principle,the material ,the form and the size they are

interconnected and dependent on the requirements, the number of units costs etc.designers start from the solution principle ,determine the other fundamental factors – material and form – and match them with the help of the chosen dimensions Niemann starts out with a scale layout of the overall design , showing the main dimensions and the general arrangement . next he divides the overall design into parts that can be development in parallel . he proceeds from a definition of the task to a systematic variation of possible solutions and finally to a critical and formal selection of the optimum solution these steps are in general agreement with those used in more recent methods niemann also draws attention to the then lack of methods for arriving at new solutions He must be considered a poineer of systematic design inasmuch as he consistently demanded and encouraged its development .

tschochner提到了四种基本的设计因素，即工作原理，材料，形式和它们的相互联系和依赖的要求的尺寸，从解决原则开始的单位成本etc.designers数，确定了其他基本面因素–材料和形式–和匹配他们所选择的尺寸的帮助

尼曼从一个总体的设计规模的布局，显示了主要的尺寸和总布置。接下来他将整体设计为可以并行发展。他从一个任务定义系统的变化的可能的解决方案，最后到了一个关键的和正式的选择最佳的解决方案，这些步骤是用在与那些更近的方法，尼曼的一般协议还提请注意到新的解决方案，他必须被视为一个“系统设计的要求，因为他始终鼓励发展并缺少方法。

Matousek列出的四个要素：工作原理，材料，生产和设计，然后， wogerbauer阐述了全面的工作计划，在这四个因素的基础上，给出了以下考虑。他补充说，如果成本方面不尽人意，这些因素必须以迭代的方式重新审视。

层主要关注的是形式的设计，使他发展的基本方针。他区分了三个主要的设计阶段。在第一，其工作原理是放下一个想法的帮助，一个发明或事实；第二阶段，实际的设计；第三阶段是实施。第二阶段是本质上的体现；是，设计支持的计算的布局和形式。在这一阶段，原则或规则，必须考虑到帐户----例如，壁厚的原理，轻量级的建设原则，最短的加载路径的原理，和同质化的原则。层的形式的设计规则，如此有价值，因为，在实践中，故障仍然是不太常见的结果差的工作原理不详细设计。

这些初步的尝试方法的集约型发展方式，主要由大学教授已经学会设计的基本设计行业日益复杂技术产品成为教授之前。他们意识到，一个更大的依赖物理，数学和信息理论，并使用系统性的方法不仅可能而且，与增加的劳动力分工，不可或缺。不用说，这些事态发展的强烈影响由所要求的特殊行业，他们的起源。大部分来自精密传动与机电工程，其中系统的关系比重型工程更明显。

汉森和其他成员的伊尔梅瑙学校（比绍夫，博克）首次提出在20世纪50年代早期的系统设计方案。汉森在第二版他的标准的工作发表在1965提出一个更全面的设计系统。

汉森的方法是在一个所谓的基本系统定义。在这种方法中的四个工作步骤的概念以相同的方式应用，实施方案和详细设计。汉森开始分析，批判，以及规范的任务，导致发展的基本原则（任务的关键）。包括整体功能的基本原理，导出了任务，当时的条件，以及所需的措施。整体功能（目标和约束）和上下文（元素和属性）构成的任务的关键在给定的约束条件。

第二步是固溶元素及其组合成的工作方式和工作原理，系统搜索。

汉森高度重视第三步骤，其中的任何缺陷的工作方式是就其性能和质量特性的分析，然后，如果必要的话，改进。

在第四和最后的步骤，这些改进工作手段进行评估，以确定任务的最佳工作方式。 1974汉森发表的另一项工作，有权konstruktionswissenschaft（科学设计）。本书关注的理论基础与实用的设计规则。

同样，在他的数学der系统软体heuristik M（系统的启发式的基础）提出了一个理论和抽象画的设计过程。这本书提供了科学基础设计。进一步重要的出版物。

汉森之后，这是rodenacker成为优秀的开发设计的新方法。他的方法的特征是通过序列的逻辑定义发展所需的整体工作的关系，物理和体现关系。他强调识别和抑制干扰影响和失败尽早的制定过程中的物理过程；一般选择策略，从简单到复杂的采用；和对标准数量的技术系统的所有参数的评价，质量和成本。他的方法的其他特性是基于二进制逻辑的逻辑功能结构的重点（连接和分离），并在概念设计阶段基于识别产品的优化只能一次一个合适的解决方案的原则已被发现发生的.rodenacker的系统设计方法的最重要的方面无疑是他建立物理过程的重点。在此基础上，他不仅涉及具体的设计任务系统的处理，但也有发明新技术系统的方法。对于后者，他开始的问题：什么可以已知的物理效应的新应用程序使用？然后他搜索系统发现全新的解决方案。

除了我们所描述的方法，有一种观点认为，对话语的方法，片面强调不存在完整的画面。因此沃切特勒认为，用控制论的概念，如控制和学习的类比，创造性的设计是“学习过程”中最为复杂的形式。学习是更高形式的控制，一个涉及的不仅是数量的变化在恒定的质量（规则），而且在质量本身的变化。

重要的是，为优化目标，设计过程中应处理的，不是静态的，而是动态控制过程中的信息反馈必须重复直到信息内容已达到杆的最优解可以找到。学习的过程，从而不断提高信息的杠杆，因此有利于寻找一个解决方案。

Leyer，汉森，rodenacker和沃切特勒的系统设计方法仍在应用的今天，已经被集成到设计方法的新发展。 2.2.3 Current Methods 1. Systems theory

In social-economic-technical processes,procedures and methods of systems theory are becoming increasingly important.the interdisciplinary science of systems theory uses special methods ,procedures and aids for the analyses,planning ,selection and optimum design of complex systems[1.14-1.16，1.23，1.29,1.30,1.143,1.208]

在社会-经济-技术过程中,程序和方法的系统理论正变得越来越重要。系统理论的跨学科科学使用特殊的方法、程序和艾滋病的分析、规划、选择和优化设计的复杂系统(1.14 - 1.16,1.14,-1.16,1.14,-1.16,1.208)

Technical artifacts , including the products of light and heavy engineering industry ,are artificial ,concrete and mostly dynamic systems consisting of sets of ordered elements ,interrelated by virtue of their properties.a system is also characterized by the fact that it has a boundary which cuts across its links with the environment(see Figure 2.5) .these links determine the external behaviour of the system ,so that it is possible to define a function expressing the relationship between inputs and hence changes in the magnitudes of the system variable. 技术构件,包括轻型和重型工程行业的产品,人工,混凝土和主要的命令集元素组成的动态系统,相关的属性。系统也以事实边界跨越其与环境的联系(见图2.5)。这些链接确定系统的外部行为,因此可以定义一个函数表达输入之间的关系,因此系统级的变量的变化。 From the ideal that technical artifacts can be represented as systems ,it was a short step to the application of systems theory to the design process ,the more so as the objectives of systems theory correspond very largely to the expectations we have of a good design method ,s specified at the beginning of this chapter[1.16].the systems approach reflects the general appreciation that complex problems are best tackled in fixed steps ,each involving analysis and synthesis. 理想技术构件可以表示为系统,这是一个短的一步的应用系统理论设计过程中,更多的目标,系统理论在很大程度上对应的期望我们有一个好的设计方法,年代在本章的开始指定[1.16]。复杂问题的系统方法反映了总体升值是最好的解决在固定的步骤,每一个涉及的分析和合成。

Figure 1.6 shows the steps of the systems approach .The first of these is the

gathering of information about the system under consideration by means of market analyses, trend studies or known requirement .In general this step can be called problem analysis. The aim here is the clear formulation of the system (or subproblem ) to be solved ,which is the actual starting point for the development of the system. In the second step, or perhaps even during the first step,a programme is drawn up in order to give formal expression to the goals of the system( problem formulation) .such goals provide important criteria for the subsequent evaluation of solution variants and hence for the discovery of the optimum solution. several solution variants are then synthesized on the basis of the information acquired during the first two steps.

图1.6显示了系统方法的步骤。第一种是考虑信息系统的收集通过市场分析、趋势研究或已知的需求。一般来说这一步可以被称为问题分析。这里的目的是明确制定系统解决(或部分问题),这是系统的实际开发的起点。在第二步中,甚至在第一步,一个项目是为了给起草正式表达的目标系统(问题公式化)。这些目标提供重要标准的后续评估解决方案的变体,因此发现的最佳解决方案。几种解决方案变体然后合成的基础上获得的信息在前两个步骤。 before these variants can be evaluated ,the performance of each must be analysis for its properties and behaviour .in the evaluation that follows,the performance of each variant is compared with the original goals ,and on the basis of this a decision is made and the optimum system selected. as figure 1.6 shows , the steps do not always lead straight to the final goal ,so that iterative procedures may be needed. Built-in decision steps facilitate this optimalization process, which constitutes a transformation of information. 这些变量可以评估之前,每个必须分析它的性能属性和行为。在接下来的评价,每个变体的性能比较与原来的目标,并在此基础上决定和选择最优系统。如图1.6所示,并不总是导致连续的步骤最终的目标,所以可能需要迭代过程。内置的决策步骤促进这种最优化过程,构成信息的转换。

In a systems theory process model [1.23,1.52],the steps repeat themselves in so-called life cycle phases of the system in which the chronological progression of a system goes from abstract to concrete(see figure 2.7)

在系统流程模型理论[1.23,1.52],所谓的生命周期阶段重复的步骤的系统系统的时间从抽象到具体的(见图2.7).

Figure 2.5 .structure of a system .s:system boundary ;s1-s5 :subsystems of s ;

s21-s24 :subsystems or elements or elements of s2 ;I1-I3:inputs;O1-O2 outputs

图2.5。一个系统的结构。s:系统边界;s1-s5:子系统的年代;s21-s24:s2的子系统或元素或元素;I1-I3:输入;O1-O2输出

Figure2.6 steps of the systems approach Figure2.6步骤的系统方法 Life phases of a system：系统周期阶段 Planning：规划

Preliminary study ：初步研究 System development ：系统开发 System production :系统生产 System installation ：系统安装 System operation：系统操作 System replacement：系统更换 Problem analysis：问题分析 Problem formulation：解决方法

System synthesis:系统综合 System analysis：系统分析 Evaluation：评估 Decision：决定

Figure 2.7. Model：图2.7 系统方法的模型 Prepare project：准备项目 Assemble team组织团队

Define scope of value analysis定义价值分析的范围 Define organization and procedure 定义组织和程序 Analyze actual state：分析实际情况 Recognise functions 识别功能

Determine function costs 确定成本函数 Determine target state：确定目标状态 Define target functions定义目标函数 Identify额外的需求

Match target costs with target functions 匹配目标成本和目标函数 Develop solution ideas：开发解决方案的想法 Collect exist 收集现有的想法

Search for new ideas寻找新的想法 Determine solutions：确定解决方案 Evaluate ideas评估的想法

Develop ideas into solutions开发创意转化为解决方案 Evaluate and decide upon solutions评估和决定解决方案 Realize solutions ：意识到解决方案

Detail chosen solutions细致选择解决方案 Plan their implementation计划实施 Figure2.8. Basic。。。 ：图2.8 价值分析的基本工作步骤

2. Value analysis

The main aim of Value analysis ,as described in DIN 69910 [1.37,1.66,1.196-1.198], is to reduce cost .To that end a systematic overall approach is proposed which is applicable ,in particular , to the further development of existing products. Figure 2.8 shows the basic working steps of Value analysis. In general ,a start is made with an existing design, which is analyzed with respect to the required functions and costs. solution ideas are then proposed to meet the new targets. because of its emphasis on functions and the stepwise search for better solution ,Value analysis has much in common with systematic design.

价值分析的主要目的,如DIN 69910(1.37,1.66,1.37 - 1.66),降低成本。为此系统的整体方法提出了适用,特别是,现有产品的进一步发展。图2.8显示了价值分析的基本工作步骤。一般来说,首先是由现有的设计,这是分析所需的功能和成本。然后提出解决方案的想法来满足新的目标。由于其强调功能和逐步寻找更好的解决方案,价值分析与系统设计的有很多相似之处。

Various methods are available to estimate costs and assess cost breakdowns. Teamwork is essential. Good communication between staff in sales,purchase,design,production and cost

estimation ensures a holistic view of the requirements,embodiment design,materials selection,production processes,storage requirements,standards and marketing.

各种方法可用来估算成本和评估故障成本。团队合作至关重要员工之间在销售、采购、设计、生产和确保需求的整体视图的成本估算、体现设计、材料选择、生产工艺、存储需求、标准和销售中保持良好的沟通。

A further essential aspect is the division of the required overall function into sub functions in the order of descending complexity along with their allocation to function carriers. The costs of fulfilling all of the functions up to and individual components. Such “function costs” can then provide the basis for evaluating the concepts or embodiment variants. The aim is to minimist these function costs and where possible eliminate functions that are not really necessary.

进一步重要方面所需的整体功能的划分成子函数的复杂性及其递减的顺序分配功能载体。的成本实现所有的功能及各个组件。这样的“功能成本”可以提供评估的基础概念或化身变体。minimist这些函数的目的是成本,尽可能消除函数不是必要的。

It has been suggested that the application of the Value Analysis method should not be left until after the layout and detail drawings have been finalized,but should be started during conceptual design in order to “design in” value. In this way, Value Analysis approaches the goals of systematic design.

有人建议价值分析方法的应用直到布局和详细的图纸已经完成才能结束，并且应开始在概念设计以“设计”价值。通过这种方式，价值分析方法达到系统设计的目标。 3. Design Methods

VDI Guideline 2222 defines an approach and individual methods for the conceptual design of technical products and is therefore particularly suitable for the development of new products. The more recent VDI Guideline 22221 proposes a generic approach to the design of technical systems and products, emphasizing the general applicability of the approach in the fields of mechanical , precision ,control ,software and process engineering . The approach includes seven basic working steps that accord with the fundamentals of technical systems-and company strategy . Both guidelines have been developed by a VDI Committee comprising senior designers from industry and many of the previously mentioned design methodologists from the former West Germany . Because the aim is for general applicability, the design process has been only roughly structured , thus permitting product-specific and company-specific variations. Figure 2.9 should therefore be regarded as a guideline to which detailed working procedures can be assigned . Special emphasis is placed on the iterative nature of the approach and the sequence of the steps must not be considered rigid . Some steps might be omitted ,and others repeated frequently . Such flexibility is in accordance with practical design experience and is very important for the application of all design methods .VDI

所写的准则2222定义了一个方法和个人技术产品的概念设计方法，因此特别适用于新产品的开发。最近的VDI写的准则2221提出了一个在机械、精度、控制、软件、和过程工程领域的通用的技术系统和产品的强调普适性的设计方法。这方法包括符合技术系统和公司战略的基础的7个基本工作步骤。 两条指导方针都由一个由工业上资深设计师和前面提到的许多前西德的设计方法学家组成的VDI委员会所改进。因为普遍适用的目标是设计过程中一直有的大致结构，从而允许特定产品和公司的变化。图2.9应被视为一个可以被指定的详细工作程序的指南。特别强调迭代的方法和步骤的顺序不得被视为刚性。一些步骤可能会省略并且会和其他人经常重复。这种灵活性是按照实际的设计经验和非常重要的应用程序的设计方法。

The design methodologists and senior designers from industry who collaborated to produce these VDI Guidelines often represented different schools of thought or had developed their own design methods . Several contributions to design methodology were made by colleagues in other countries . In this book , references are made to all of these many inputs when the individual methods and procedures are discussed in detail.

形成产业合作生产这些VDI指南的设计方法学家和高级设计师通常代表不同的学派或发展自己的设计方法。对设计方法做出贡献的是几个其他国家的同事。在这本书中，对引用这些许多个人详细方法和步骤进行了讨论。

A comprehensive overview of the international design teaching and research activities since 1981 can be found in the proceedings of the ICED conference series.

自从1981年来，一个全面的概述国际设计和研究活动可以再美国冰系列会议找到。 In table 2.1，the main publications on design methodology are given in chronological order this table replaces and extends in a more compact form the individual efforts and achievements that were described in chapter 1 of the second English edition of this book .further contributions from the authors listed in the table can be seen from their entries in the list of references at the end of the book.

在设计方法的主要出版物中给出的顺序表取代和在一个更紧凑的形式进行了描述，第1本书的第二英文版个人的努力和成果的延伸。从表中列出的作者进一步的贡献可以从他们的作品中，在书的结尾引用名单中看到。

2.2.4 Aims and objectives of this book

On closer examination the methods we have been describing have been strongly influenced by their authors’ specialist fields . They nevertheless resemble one another far more closely than the various concepts and terms might suggest . VDI guidelines 2222 and 2221 confirm these resemblances as they were developed in collaboration with a wide rang of experienced contributors .

仔细检查我们所描述的已经被作者的专业领域的强烈影响的方法。但他们彼此相似远远比各种概念和术语，建议密切得多。VDI指南2222和2221确认这些相似之处，他们具有广泛的经验丰富的贡献，让合作开发。

任务 重复1 明确任务 满向足规范 前和和2 确定功能和结构适向应后功能结构 需之3 寻找方法 求 前和原理方法 之后4分为可实现的模块 的模块结构 阶段5 发展的关键模块布之间 初步布局 6 完整的整体布局 明确布局 7 准备生产和操作说明 产品文件 进一步认识

图2.9的通用设计方法.后[1.191]

1 2 3 4

表2.1设计方法论的发展年表概述 Year 1953 1955 Author（作者） Bischoff,hansen Bock Them/title（主题） Rationelles konstruieren（理论基础与分析） konstuktionssystematik-die ordnenden gesichchtspunkte methode CountryLiterature（国家） （文献） 德意志 1.21 1.25 der 德意志 1956 1963 Hansen Pahl Konstruktionssystematik（系统分析） konstruktionstechnik maschinebau im 德意志 1.78 1.131 thermischen 德国 1966 Dixon Design engineering;inventiveness,analysis and 美国 decision-making（工程设计；创造性，分析与决策） 美国 1.39 1967 Harrisberger Engineermanship（工艺工程师 ） 1.79 1968 Roth systematik der maschinen and mechanischen elementaren funktionen （系统的DER机械） ihere 德国 1.163 1969 Glegg the design of design the development of 英国 design ,the science of design（设计开发设计的设计，设计的科学） rational descriptions,decisions and design（合理的描述，决策与设计） systemtechnik im ingenieurbereich （系统技术） creativity in engineering（创新工程） wege zur losungsfindung 美国 德国 英国 德国 1.68-1.70 Tribus 1970 Beitz Gregory Pahl Rodenacker 1971 French 1.177 1.16 1.71 1.129 1.155 1.58 methodisches konstruieren(4th edition 1991) 德国 （methodisches konstruieren（第四版1991） conceptual design for engineers ,1st edition (3rd 英国 edition 1999)（工程概念设计，第一版（第三版1999） 1972 Pahl,Beitz series of articles ,fur die konstruktionspraxis 德国 (1972-1974)（一系列坏死文章） erfinden:anleitung fur neuerer and erfinder 1.142 1973 Altschuller VDI 1.5 1.192 VDI-richtlinie 2222 , blatt 1 (entwurf) 德国 konzipieren technischer produkte conceptual blockbusting a guide to better ideas 美国 (概念引导更好的想法) methodik der verarbeitungsmaschinen engineering design interfaces(工程设计接口) design planning and methodology(设计和开发方法) 德意志 英国 1974 Adams 1.1 1976 1977 Hennig Flursheim Ostrofsky Pahl,Beitz 1.82 1.49.1.50 1.126 1.134 development 美国 德国 konstruktionslehre 1st edition (6 th edition 2005)( konstruktionslehre第一版) VDI VDI-richtlinie222 blatt 1 konzipieren technischer 德国 produkte Arbeitsblatter konstruktionstechnik 德意志 1.192 1978 1979 Rugenstein Frick 1.165 1.60-1.62 Integration der industriellen formgestaltung in 德意志 den erzeugnis-entwicklungsprozess,arbeiten zum industrial design Zur entwicklung einer speicherunterstutzten 德意志 kopnstruktion von maschinen unter wieder-verwendung von baugruppen Untersuchung and konstruktionsmethoden （建设与浅析） entwicklung von 苏联 Klose 1.99,1.100 Polovnikin 1.146,1.147 1.67 1981 Gierse Wertanalyse and konstruktionsmethodik in 德国 der produktentwicklung（温特与康斯特鲁克的分析） Kozma,StraHungarian translation of pahl\\beitz ub (Pahl/Beitz) Engineering design(\\ Beitz匈牙利语翻译 H 1.141 工程设计) Nadler 1982 Proceedings of ICED by Hubka Schregenberger Dietrych Roth The planning and design approach(规划设计方法) 美国 1.119 1.148 WDK Series biannually from1981 to 2001；CH Design Society Series from 2003 Methodenbewusstes Problemlosem Rinfuhrung in die konsruktions wissenschaft WDK系列每半年1981～2001；从2003 methodenbewusstes problemlosemrinfuhrung模具konsruktions Wissenschaft系列设计协会 Konstruieren mit Konstruktions-katalogen,1st Rdition (3rd Edition 2001) VDI-Richtlinie 2222 Blatt 2:Restellung und Anwendung von Konstruktionskatalogen konstruieren Konstruktion katalogen麻省理工学院，第一rdition（第三版2001）richtlinie布拉特2：VDI 2222 restellung冯konstruktionskatalogen与应用 Design for Assenmbly 设计的装配 1983 Andreasenet Design for Assenmbly 设计的装配 DK al.Hohne STRUktursynthese and Variationstechnik beim Konstruieren struktursynthese和variationstechnik在konstruieren Hawkes,Abinett Altschuller Theorie technischer Systeme 该系统理GB USSR 论 Erfinden-Wege zui Losung technischer Problem erfinden路嘴losung该问题 Theorie technischer Systeme 该系统理论 Polish translation of Pahl/Beitz Engineering Design,1 st Rdition (3rd Edition 2006) 波兰帕尔/贝茨工程设计的翻译，1圣rdition（第三版2006）该系统理论 The Lmplications for the Study for Design GB Methods of Recent Development in Neighbouring Disciplines 1.8 1984 1..80 1.4 1985 Archer 1.10 在邻近学科的近期发展的设计方法为研究对象的性质 Kostaaengunstig Entwickeln und Konstruieren kostaaengunstig德智体全面发展和konstruieren Konstruktionsmethodik und Konstruktions-oraxis-eine kritische Betrachtung konstruktionsmethodik和Konstruktion oraxis一批判沉思 konstruktionslehre fui den maschinenbau grundlagen,Arbeitsscheittr,Prinziolosungen konstruktionslehre成奎安的巢穴，机械制造，arbeitsscheittr，prinziolosungen design methodology as a Condition for Computer-Aided Design的设计方法，为计算机辅助设计的一个条件 1986 Odrin Altschuller Taguchi Morphologischs Synthese von Systemen Theory of incentive Problem Solving 激励问题解决理论 Introduction of quality engineering 质量工程概论 USSB 1.122 1987 Andreasen,Hein Erlenspiel,figel Gasparski Hales integratedproductdevelopment集成产品开发 DK Application of expert systems in machine DE PL design 专家系统在机械设计中的应用 On design differently 在不同的设计 Analtsis of the engineering design process in an industrial context,managing engineering design 在工业方面的工程设计过程的分析，管理工程设计 VDI Design Handbook 2221:Systemaic USA Approach to the Design of technical Systems and Prdducts. English ranslation VDI设计手册2221：对技术系统和制品设计的系统方法。英语翻译 Detailed Analtsis of an Engineering Design Project On Research Methodology-Towards 1.7 1.42 1.63 1988 Wallace,Hales Dixon 1.38 AScientific Theory of Engineering Design详细分析工程设计项目的研究方法对工程设计的科学理论 Form,Structure and Mechanism,incention and Evolution 形态，结构和机制，发明和演化 Theory of Technical Systems-A total Concept Theory for Engineering Design Functional Requiremengts in the Design Process技术系统的总概念理论的工程设计功能要求的设计过程理论 Based on Empirical Data 基于经验数据 The role of concurrent engineering in Weapon Acquisition 并行工程在武器装备采办中的作用 1989 Cross De Boer engineering design methods 工程设计方法 Decision Methods and tnd techniques决策的方法和技巧 Konstruktionslehre fur vorrichtungen,gerate,instrumente and maschinen konstruktionslehre毛皮vorrichtungen，gerate，仪和机械 Chinese translation of pahl/beitz engineering design 帕尔/贝茨工程设计的翻译 Synthesis of Schematic Description in Mechanical Design 在机械设计中描述的合成示意图 Finnish translation of pahl/beitz engineering design 工程设计的帕尔/贝茨芬兰语翻译 GB NL 1.33 1.35 1990 Birkhoffer Von der Produktideen zum Produkt-Eine DE kritiische Betrachtung zui Auswahi and 1.17.1.18

BEWERTUNG IN DER KONSRTUKTION konttinnen Finnish translation of pahl/beitz engineering FIN design 工程设计的帕尔/贝茨芬兰语翻译 Design for Quality 设计能力 Methodological design of machine elements total design;integrated methods for successful oriduct engineering机械零件的总体设计方法设计成功的输卵管工程集成方法 Design Theory and Methodlolgy Evaluation and Decision in Dseign在设计评价和决策的设计理论和法 Methodical design frame by new procedures evaluation and decision techniques in the engineering design process 在工程设计过程中，新的程序的评价和决策技术系统的设计框架 Assembly Automation and priduct design装配自动化和产品设计 和管理Product development performance:strategy,organization and management 产品性能：发展战略，组织 Relevant Featuies of the Decade 1981-1991 of the Theories of Design in japan在日本的设计理论的十年1981-1991相关特征 主题、题目 设计合成推理；一种机械的设计方法 设计理论与方法 工程设计：从艺术到实践 约束网络的生命周期：并行工程 结合DAS methodische konstruierens冯工业设计 机械设计过程 DK S USA J 1.1.37 1991 Andreasen Bjarnemo Boothroyd Hongo, Nakajima 1.6 1.22 1.26 1.85 年份 1991 作者 Kannapan,Marshek Stauffer (ed) walton O’Grady,Yong Seeger 国家 美国 美 美 美 德 美 文献 1.95 1.172 1.204 1.123 1.171 1.180.1.181992 Ullmann 1 1993 Breiing, Flemming Linde, Hill Miller VDI Clausing Blessing Pahl(editor) Ehrlenspiel Pahl/beitz Wallace, Blessing;Bauert(pahl/beitz) Bralla Crossing, Christiaans, Dorst Hazelrigg Waldron, waldron Frey,Rivin, Hatamura Magrab Frankenberger,Badke-schaub, Birkhofer Hyman Pahl/beitz Terninko, Zusman,Zlotin, Herb(ed) 理论和方法DES konstruierens Erfolgreich.Erfinden .Widerspruchsorientoerte innovationsstrategie 并行工程的设计 VDI richtlinie 2221：Methodik姆德智体全面发展和konstruieren该系统和产品 总体的质量发展 一种基于过程的计算机支持的工程设计 psychologische和教育问题在methodischen konstruieren Integrierte produktentwicklung 帕尔/贝茨工程设计的日语翻译 帕尔/贝茨工程设计的英文翻译，第二版 中 德 美 德 美 英 德 德 日 英 1.28 1.110 1.113 1.191 1.32 1.24 1.127 1.40 1.136 1.135 1994 1995 1996 为追求卓越设计 分析设计活动 系统工程：一个以信息为基础的设计方法 机械设计：理论与方法 日本TRIZ的介绍 集成产品和过程设计和开发 美 荷兰 美 美 日本 美 1.27 1.34 1.81 1.202 1.59 1.111 1.55 1.91 1.133 1.176 1997 1998 Konstrukteure als wichtigster faktor einer 德 erfolgreichen produktentwicklung 工程设计基础 美 帕尔/工程设计的韩语翻译 韩 制度创新：TRIZ简介 美 1999 Pahl Samul,Weir VDI Pahl/beitz Denk-und.handlungsweisen.beim konstruieren 工程设计介绍 VDI-richtlinie 2223 (entwurf) : methodisches Entwerfen technischer produkte 帕尔/贝茨工程设计的葡萄牙语翻译 德 澳大利亚 德 巴西 1.128 1.168 1.194 1.132 1.9 1.64 1.106 2000 2001 Antonsson, Cagan Gausemeyer, Ebbesmeyer, Kallmeyer Kroll,Condoor, Jansson Saches Eigner,Stelzer Neudorfer Orloff Wagner 正式的工程设计合成 Produktinnovation mit strategischer planung 创新概念设计参数分析 美 德 美 德 德 德 德 德 2002 Entwurfsdenken und darstellungshandeln Verfestigung von gedanken beim konzipieren produktdatenmanagement系统 konstruieren sicherheitsgerechter公司 Grundalagen der klassischen TRIZ Wegweister fur erfinder 1.166 1.44 1.120 1.125 1.201 Based on our experience in the heavy machinery industry and railway and automotive engineering and many years spent in engineering design education at the undergraduate and graduate levels ,this book sets out a comprehensive design methodology For all phases of the product planning , design and development processes for technical systems.Most of the arguments are elaborations of a seminal series of papers published by the authors pahs and Berlitz and previous editions of this book.It should be emphasized that between and publication of the first german edition of the book in 1997 and the latest edition ,none of the statements had to be dropped because they were outdated. 基于我们在重型机械行业、铁路和汽车工程和多年的经验，在工程设计教育的本科生和研究生的水平，这本书提出了一个全面的设计方法为产品规划的各个阶段，技术系统的设计与开发过程。最重要的参数是 作者帕尔和贝茨一系列出版物还有以前的版本阐述的。应该强调的是，之间和1997本书的第一德语版出版的最新版本的报表，不要因为他们已经过时了。 As before , although our own approach design does not claim to be the final word on the subject it tries to :

像以前一样，虽然我们自己的设计方法不宣称主题上试图的最后一句话： ? Be useful in design practice and design education 在设计实践和设计教育是有用的

? Provide a “toolbox ” of design methods presented in a compatible way without expressing a particular school of thought or including short-lived trends

提供一个设计方法的“工具箱”提出了一个兼容的方式而没有表达特 定的思想或包括短期趋势的学校

? Emphases the importance of design fundamentals , principles and guidelines at a time when more and more products are designed with the help of computers , and many assemblies and complements are outsourced .

强调设计基础，原则和指导方针的重要性，与此同时，越来越多的产品 计算机的帮助下设计，许多组件和部件是外包的。

? Serve as a guide to help designers and design leaders manage successful product development irrespective of the organizational structure (project management ,however , is not the focus of this book) 作为一个指南，帮助设计师和设计领导者管理成功的产品开发无关的 组织结构（项目管理，然而， 不是这本书的重点）

Who hope that this systematic approach to engineering design may serve as an introduction and springboard for the learner, as a help and illustration for the teacher ,and as a source of information and further learning for the practitioner . It is important to realize that the methods and guidelines presented here underpin successful product development and product improvement.

他希望这个系统的工程设计方法，可供学习者作为介绍和跳板服务，作为一个老师的帮助和说明，并为进一步学习者的信息源。重要的是要认识到，方法和准则在这里被提出 来支持成功的产品开发和产品改进。

Readers who are familiar with the application of generally applicable design methods and the fundamentals of systematic design can jump to chapter 5 and start directly with the systematic approach to product development ,returning to the fundamentals described in chapters 2-4 when necessary. However, it is extremely important that students and novices build a solid foundation and to not ignore these early chapters.

熟悉它适用的设计方法的应用和系统设计的基本原理的读者可以跳到5章 直接开始产品开发的系统方法，在必要的时候重回基础在第2-4章 。然而，学生和新手建立一个坚实的基础，不能忽视这些早期的章节是 非常重要的。

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