语言学课后习题答案(4)

d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A NP Pst V PP

A N P NP Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Aux V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

OR

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.

S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv

The detective went out and the mysterious man came in e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt. S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

N Aux V Det N Aux V

Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will

melt

6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. a) You know that I hate war.

S

NP VP CP

N V C S

NP VP

NP N V N

You know that I hate war

OR CP

C InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

CP

N Pres V C S

NP VP

N V NP

N

You know that I hate war

b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over. S

NP VP

CP N V C S

NP VP N V C S

NP VP

Det N VL A

He said that Tom asked whether the class was over

c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. S

NP VP

CP

N VP NP

CP Aux Neg V NP C S

Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N

Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

S

NP VP

CP

N VL A C S

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. S

NP VP

CP

Det N VP C S

V P NP VP

N V NP

N

The children argued over whether bats had wings

7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences. a) The essay that he wrote was too long. Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP Infl VP

N V NP

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