信息经济学讲义
Information Economics 目录
1.信息经济学概述 ............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1定义 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2信息经济学历史 ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3信息经济学分类 ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.4信息经济学的研究内容 ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.信息与信息决策 ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1什么是信息 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2信息的含义与特性 ............................................................................................................................. 4 2.3不确定条件下的决策 ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.4信息决策分析 ....................................................................................................................................11 3.博弈论基础 .................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1博弈论概述 ....................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2完全信息静态博弈 ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.3完全信息动态博弈 ........................................................................................................................... 23 3.4不完全信息静态博弈 ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.5不完全信息动态博弈 ....................................................................................................................... 26 4.信息在资源配置中的作用 .......................................................................................................................... 26 5.信息商品与市场 .......................................................................................................................................... 27
5.1信息商品 ........................................................................................................................................... 27 5.2信息商品的特征 ............................................................................................................................... 27 5.3信息供给与需求 ............................................................................................................................... 28 5.4信息成本 ........................................................................................................................................... 28 5.5信息价格 ........................................................................................................................................... 28 5.6信息商品的定价方法与交易方式.................................................................................................... 29 5.7信息市场 ........................................................................................................................................... 30 6.信息搜寻与选择 .......................................................................................................................................... 31
6.1价格离散及其分析 ........................................................................................................................... 31 6.2信息搜寻原理 ................................................................................................................................... 31 7.委托代理理论 .............................................................................................................................................. 31
7.1信息不对称的含义 ........................................................................................................................... 31 7.2委托—代理理论的基本分析框架.................................................................................................... 31 8.逆向选择与道德风险 .................................................................................................................................. 32
8.1逆向选择与旧车市场 ....................................................................................................................... 32 8.2道德风险 ........................................................................................................................................... 33 8.3拍卖 ................................................................................................................................................... 38 9.信息系统 ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
9.1 信息系统的含义与作用 .................................................................................................................. 39 9.2 企业管理信息系统的发展 .............................................................................................................. 39 9.3 信息系统在组织内的发展阶段 ...................................................................................................... 40 9.4 信息系统的成本 .............................................................................................................................. 40
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Information Economics 9.5 信息系统的效益评价及其方法 ...................................................................................................... 45 9.6 思考题 .............................................................................................................................................. 45 10.信息产业 .................................................................................................................................................... 45
10.1定义 ................................................................................................................................................. 45 10.2信息产业特征 ................................................................................................................................. 45 10.3信息产业中的网络效应 ................................................................................................................. 46 10.4信息产业政策 ................................................................................................................................. 47 11.信息经济及其测度 .................................................................................................................................... 47
11.1马克卢普测度理论.......................................................................................................................... 47 11.2波拉特的测度理论.......................................................................................................................... 47 11.3两者区别 ......................................................................................................................................... 48 参考文献 ......................................................................................................................................................... 48
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Information Economics 1.信息经济学概述
1.1定义
信息经济学是对经济活动中信息因素及其影响进行经济分析的经济学,也是对信息及其技术与产业所改变的经济进行研究的经济学。信息经济学研究如下两方面问题:(1)如何配置“信息”资源;(2)存在“信息”的影响时,怎样做出决策。
1.2信息经济学历史
下面是一些主流文献发表的时间表,从中我们可以看出信息经济学的成长: (1)1959年,[美]马尔萨克,信息经济学评论
Marschak, J. (1959) Remarks on the Economics of Information. V: Contributions to Scientific Research in Management. Los Angeles: Western Data Processing Center, University of California, 1961, 79-98.
该文从不确定性的角度讨论了信息的价格。这也是 “信息经济学”一词首次出现在文献当中。 (2)1961年,[美]斯蒂格勒,信息经济学
Stigler, G. (1961) The Economics of Information. Journal of Political Economy, 69(3). Ponatis v: Stigler, G. (1968) The Organization of Industry. Homewood, Ill: R. D. Irwin, 191-207.
该文批判了传统经济学理论中的完全信息的假设,将信息作为经济活动的要素和经济运行的机制加以研究,探讨了信息的成本和价值,以及信息对价格、工资和其他生产要素的影响。
(3)1961年,维克里
Vickrey①, W. (1961) Counterspeculation, Auctions and Competitive Sealed Tenders. Journal of Finance, 16(1), 8-37.
维克里在该文中提出了“密封第二价格拍卖”的拍卖方式。 (4)1970年,[美]阿克洛夫②,次品市场
Akerlof, G. A. (1970) The Market for \Journal of Economics, 84(3), 488-500.
该文分析了由于信息不对称而导致的逆向选择问题。该文作者即为有名的柠檬理论原创者。 (5)1971年,莫里斯
Mirrlees, J. (1971) An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation, Review of Economic Studies, 38(2), 175-208.
(6)1971年,赫什雷佛
Hirshleifer, J. 1971. The private and social value of information and the reward to inventive activity. American Economic Review 61: 561—574.
Keywords: economics of information ? incentives ? value of information. (7)1973年,赫什雷佛
Hirshleifer, J. 1973. Where are we in the theory of information? American Economic Review 63: 31—39. Keywords: bounded rationality ? economics of information ? innovation ? learning ? uncertainty. (8)1973,[美]斯宾塞,工作市场信号
Spence, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-379. 该文首创了“信号”理论。 (9)1974年,阿罗
Arrow, K.J. 1974. Limited knowledge and economic analysis. American Economic Review 64: 1—10. ①②
此人获1996年诺贝尔经济学奖
The 2001 Nobel Prize in economic sciences has been awarded to George A. Akerlof, Joseph E.
Stiglitz, and A. Michael Spence for \their \
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Information Economics [abstract]
Keywords: bounded rationality ? centralization ? economics of information ? equality ? naturalism ? uncertainty.
(10)1975年,斯蒂格利茨
Stiglitz, J. E. (1975) Theory of Screening, Education, and Distribution of Income. American Economic Review, 65(3), 283-300.
(11)1976年,格罗斯曼与斯蒂格利茨
Grossman, Sanford J & Stiglitz, Joseph E, 1976. \Economic Review, Vol. 66 (2) pp. 246-53.
(12)1976年,罗斯查尔德,斯蒂格利茨
Rothschild, M., Stiglitz, J. (1976). Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90(4), 629-649. (13)1980年,格罗斯曼与斯蒂格利茨
Grossman, Sanford J & Stiglitz, Joseph E, 1980. \American Economic Review, Vol. 70 (3) pp. 393-408. (14)1979年,阿罗
Arrow, K.J. 1979. The economics of information. In Dertouzos/Moses, The Computer Age, 306—317.
Keywords: bounded rationality ? coordination ? economics of information ? history ? information costs ? organization ? probability ? technology ? uncertainty.
(15)1981年,格罗斯曼
Sanford J. Grossman , Implicit Contracts, Moral Hazard, and Unemployment, with O.D. Hart, 1981, AER (15)1984年,夏皮罗与斯蒂格利茨
Shapiro, C., Stiglitz, J. E. (1984) Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device. American Economic Review, 74(3), 433-444.
(16)1984年,阿罗
Arrow, K.J. 1984. The Economics of Information. Cambrodge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press.
Keywords: bounded rationality ? economics of information.①
赫什雷佛提出了信息市场理论。阿罗则就信息的成本、信息的经济价值、信息对经济行为的影响、非对称信息与市场失灵、不完全信息条件下风险转移等信息经济学热点问题进行了系统而深刻的讨论,对信息经济学的发展做出了重要的贡献。
以上这些文献的作者集中讨论了两个方面的问题:一是把信息当作一种经济行为变量、要素,探讨它的不完全性、不完备性以及获取信息需要支付的成本等问题;二是分析信息的非对称性对市场运行的影响,导出了各种理论。
另一些文献,则讨论了知识生产与信息经济的问题,如下:
(1)Machlup, F. (1962) The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
(2)Porat, M. (1977) The Information Economy: Sources and Methods for Measuring the Primary Information Sector (Detailed Industry Reports). Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Office of Telecommunications.
1962年,马克卢普发表美国的知识生产与分配,对知识产业进行了定义,测量了美国知识产业的规模,并预言美国的知识产业将成为美国经济中的一支主要力量。
1977年,波拉特在马克卢普的基础之上完成《信息经济》一书,把美国的产业划分为农业、工业、服务业、信息业,把信息部门分为第一信息部门和第二信息部门,通过产业与就业两个方面,运用投入产出分析技术,对美国1967年的信息经济规模和结构作了详尽的统计测量和数量分析。这种方法不仅引起美 ①
(6)(7)(9)(14)(16)是在http://www.kli.ac.at上通过查关键词economics of information所得到的结果。 2
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