高考英语二轮专题复习动词的时态和语态导学案

动词的时态和语态

【考纲解读】

根据考试大纲要求,考生能在真实语境中正确使用各种时态和语态。根据英语考试大纲要求,考生需掌握其中八种动词时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时。要掌握各种时态之间的区别:一般过去时和现在完成时;过去完成时和一般过去时;一般过去时和过去进行时;现在完成时和现在完成进行时等。同时,要掌握主动语态表被动意义的运用。

【预习导学】 一、时态 (一)一般现在时 1．一般现在时的构成

一般现在时主要由动词的______表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语一般由动词原形后加__________构成。其变化规则如下：

情况 变化规则 例词 work—works learn—learns 一般情况 直接加-s come—comes play—plays want—wants need—needs pass—passes 结尾为-s，-x，-sh，-ch或-o discuss—discusses 在词尾加-es teach—teaches wash—washes fix—fixes go—goes 变y为i再加-es carry—carries cry—cries study—studies worry—worries 结尾为“辅音字母＋y” 2.一般现在时的用法 1)主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。

Secondary school in the USA usually _________ seven years, grades six to twelve. 美国的中学通常是七年制，即从六年级到十二年级。 2)表示主语目前的性格、特征、状态或能力等。 ①She _________ French and German besides English.

除了英语，她还会法语和德语。

②Planning so far ahead ________ no sense — so many things will have changed by next year.

这么早作计划没有什么意义——到明年很多事情会发生变化。 3)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象，或用在格言中。 ①It’s known that the earth _________ round the sun. 众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。

②“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say, “because every step _________.”

奶奶过去经常说，“人生就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都留有足迹。” 4)一般现在时代替一般将来时。

(1)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。

①I’ll tell him about it as soon as he _________. 他一来，我就告诉他这件事。

②They’ll stand by you even if you _____________. 即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。

(2)表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事，常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词，这类词语主要有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, take off, finish, stop等。

①The train _________ at 4：30 p．m. 火车在下午4：30出发。

②The plane _________ off at 5 o’clock. 飞机在5点钟起飞。 (二)一般过去时 1．一般过去时的构成

(1)一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成，其变化规则如下：

情况 变化规则 例词 look—looked 一般情况 在动词后加-ed watch—watched stay—stayed expect—expected 以-e结尾的动词 后加-d hope—hoped like—liked study—studied 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词 变y为i再加-ed try—tried copy—copied carry—carried stop—stopped 以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时 clap—clapped 双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ed plan—planned prefer—preferred admit—admitted permit—permitted (2)不规则动词的过去式。 2．一般过去时的用法

(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。

—Is Peter coming?

—No, he __________ his mind after a phone call at the last minute.(2015·重庆高考单选)

——彼得要来吗？

——不来了。他在最后时刻接了一个电话后改变了主意。 (2)表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。

—Long time no see! Haven’t you graduated from college? —Yes.I ___________ English for four years in Nanjing. ——好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？ ——毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。 (3)表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。

I always ____________ late, and never _________ enough time for breakfast. 我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。

(4)有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。

①I ___________ you were here. 我不知道你在这里。

②Sorry, I __________ to bring your book.

很抱歉，我忘记带你的书来了。

(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。

He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he _________ her. 他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。 (三)一般将来时

1．will/shall＋动词原形

(1)表示不含主观因素，单纯的将来，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。

①By the time you have finished this book, your meal __________ cold. 等到你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。

②My birthday is coming. I __________ 18 years old. 我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。 (2)will还可表达说话时临时做出的决定。 —What time is it?

—I have no idea. But just a minute, I ______ it for you.(2014·北京高考单选) ——几点了？

——我不知道。稍等，我帮你看一下。 2．be going to＋动词原形

“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 ①I feel I _______________ progress with her help. 我觉得在她的帮助下我会进步的。

②Look at the clouds. It ________________. 看那些乌云。天要下雨了。 3．be to＋动词原形

“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。 You ____________ in your papers by 10 o’clock. 10点前你们得交上论文。 (四)现在进行时 1．现在进行时的构成

现在进行时的构成形式为：am/is/are＋v.-ing。v.-ing形式的变化规则如下：

情况 一般情况 变化规则 在词尾直接加-ing 例词 work—working look—looking study—studying have—having 以不发音的e结尾的动词 去e再加-ing face—facing take—taking write—writing cut—cutting 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写该辅音字母再加-ing put—putting swim—swimming begin—beginning lie—lying 以-ie结尾的动词 变ie为y再加-ing tie—tying die—dying 2.现在进行时的用法 (1)表示说话之时或现阶段正在发生或一直进行着的动作。

The professor __________ his own letters while his secretary is ill. 秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。

(2)现在进行时还可以表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stop, do等。

My aunt _____________ for Shanghai at eleven o’clock tomorrow morning. 明天早上十一点我婶婶将离开去上海。

(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。

Tom ______________ late for meetings, which makes his boss very angry. 汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。 (五)过去进行时

1．过去进行时的构成为was/were＋doing。表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

The boy ____________ his homework when his father came back from work. 当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。

2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come等。

I _______________ to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel. 我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。 (六)将来进行时

表示将来某个时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作。其构成为：will/shall be doing。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow (明天的这个时间)，from 1：30 to 4：30 the day after tomorrow (后天从1：30到4：30)等。

①If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ___________ fresh watermelon in the fall.

如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么秋天就能吃上新鲜的西瓜了。 ②I’ll __________ with the professor at this time tomorrow. 明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。 (七)现在完成时

现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成，其基本用法如下：

1．表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。

—I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?

—Sorry, I _______________ myself clear. We want to return on October 20. ——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？ ——对不起，我没有表达清楚，我们打算10月20号回来。

2．表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。

His first novel _____________ good reviews since it came out last month. 他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。

3．在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。 Will you come to my office when you _______________ your work? 你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？

4．在“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。

It is the most instructive lecture that I ____________ since I came to this school. 这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。

5．在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。

It is the third time that you ___________ late for work this week, isn’t it? 这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？ (八)过去完成时

过去完成时的构成为：had＋done，其基本用法如下：

1．表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去

的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by, up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。

I found the lecture hard to follow because it ___________ when I arrived. 我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。

2．动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。

I ___________ to come to help you. Something happened to me. That’s why I didn’t come. 我本希望能来帮助你，但我出了点事，所以没有来。

3．在“hardly (scarcely)．..when ..., no sooner ...than ...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。

Hardly _______ the speaker __________ his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.

演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。

4．by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。

By the time the messenger reached him, the damage _____________. 送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。

5．表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。 That was the second time that she ___________ her grandfather. 这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。 (九)将来完成时

表示在将来某个时刻前已经完成或一直持续的动作，并对将来产生一定的影响。常与“by＋将来的某个时间”或when/before引导的时间状语从句连用。其结构为：will/shall have done。

By the time you get home I _________________ the house from top to bottom. 你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。 (十)现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时由“have/has been＋现在分词”构成，其基本用法如下： 1．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作，并仍在进行。

Since the time humankind started gardening, we _____________ to make our environment more beautiful.(2014·湖南高考单选)

自从人类开创园艺工作以来，我们一直在努力使我们的环境更加美丽。 2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。 Where have you been? We _________________ for you everywhere. 你刚才去哪里了？我们一直在到处找你。

3．现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。 I __________________ you several times in two days. 这两天内我给你打过几次电话。 (十一)过去完成进行时

表示一个动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，这一动作可能刚结束，也可能仍在进行。

He ________________ here before he went to New York. 他去纽约之前一直住在这里。 (十二)过去将来时

1．过去将来时的基本构成和用法

过去将来时由“would＋动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。

She said that she _______________ that again. 她说她再不会这样做了。 2．表示过去将来时的其他表达法

(1) was/were going to ＋ 动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。

I thought it _________________. 我认为要下雨了。

(2)was/were to ＋ 动词原形：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。 She said she ___________ married next month. 她说她计划在下个月结婚。

(3)was/were about to ＋ 动词原形：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。

I ________________ to bed when the phone rang. 电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。

(4)was/were ＋现在分词：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等瞬间动词。

Jack said he___________ tomorrow. 杰克说他打算明天动身。 二、被动语态 (一)被动语态的构成

被动语态由“____________________”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见

的时态变化(以动词clean为例)列表如下：

形态 时间 现在 一般 am/is/are cleaned was/were cleaned shall/will be cleaned should/would be cleaned 进行 am/is/are being cleaned was/were being cleaned 完成 have/has been cleaned had been cleaned shall/will have been cleaned 过去 将来 过去将来 ①I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but ____________ back thankfully by the shop window.(2015·湖南高考单选)

当时我有一种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具，但是幸好被橱窗阻隔了。

②The number of deaths from heart disease _______________ greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruits and vegetables.

如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。 (二)被动语态的基本用法 1．强调或突出动作的承受者。

New Zealand wine is of high quality and __________ all over the world. 新西兰葡萄酒质量很好，行销全世界。 2．不知道或无需说出动作的执行者。

—Have you heard about that fire in the market? —Yes, fortunately no one ____________. ——你听说市场里发生的火灾了吗？ ——听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。 3．用在科技文献或新闻报道中。

Cars of this kind ____________ in the 1980s. 这种小汽车是二十世纪80年代制造的。 【考点突破】

考点1 一般现在时与现在进行时的比较 1．—Hi，let’s go skating.

—Sorry，I’m busy right now.I ________ in an application form for a new job.(2014·北

京，22)

A．fill C．am filling

B．have filled D．will fill

2．Around two o’clock every night，Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat________us.(2013·湖南，24)

A．bothers C．would bother 考点归纳

一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态；现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作(说话时未必正在做)。另外，在时间或条件状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来；go，come，leave，start，arrive，take，meet等表示趋向的动词的现在进行时也可表示将来。

Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much. 青少年正在损害自己的健康，因为他们玩电脑游戏时间太长了。

You’d better write down her phone number before you forget it.(2014·重庆，4) 在你忘记之前最好把她的电话号码写下来。 Hurry up! Mark and Carl are expecting us. 快点！马克和卡尔正在等我们。 考点2 一般现在时与现在完成时的比较

1．I ________ half of the English novel，and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.(2016·北京，25)

A．read C．am reading

B．have read D．will read B．had bothered D．bothered

2．In the last few years，China ________ great achievements in environmental protection.(2015·北京，26)

A．has made C．was making

B．had made D．is making

3．Whenever you ________ a present，you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view.(2014·湖南，34)

A．bought C．will buy 考点归纳

一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态；现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成，或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。

B．have bought D．buy

I do all the cooking for my family，but recently I have been too busy to do it. 通常由我给家人做饭，但最近我太忙了，没时间做。 考点3 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较

1．I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I ________， “What do you wish me to do now？”(2015·湖南，25)

A．ask C．am asking

B．have asked D．asked

2．The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ________ them since.(2014·大纲全国，32)

A．sees B．saw C．has seen D．had seen 考点归纳

一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或情况，与现在没有联系，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或情况，常与一段时间连用或表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already，ever，never，yet，just等词连用。

—Have you seen my dictionary? —Yes，I saw it on your bed yesterday. ——你见过我的词典吗？ ——是的，我昨天看见在你床上。

—Have you heard about the recent election?

—Sure，it has been the only thing on the news for the last three days. ——你听说最近的选举没有？

——当然，这是最近三天唯一的新闻事件。 考点4 一般过去时与过去完成时的比较

1．When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I ________ for years.(2016·天津，3)

A．didn’t see C．hadn’t seen

B．haven’t seen D．wouldn’t see

2．The real reason why prices ________，and still are，too high is complex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.(2015·江苏，30)

A．were C．have been

B．will be D．had been

3．Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she ________ most of the guests before.(2014·浙江，11)

A．has seen

B．had seen

C．saw 考点归纳

D．would see

一般过去时表示动作发生在过去；而过去完成时表示在过去某个动作发生之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。

Tom and I became friends in 2000，although we had actually met several years before. 汤姆和我在2000年成为朋友，尽管几年前我们就见过面。

I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived. 我发现演讲很难懂，因为当我到达时已经开始了。 考点5 一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 1．—Is Peter coming?

—No，he________ his mind after a phone call at the last minute.(2015·重庆，1) A．changes C．was changing

B．changed D．had changed

2．He must have sensed that I ________ him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly，“Why are you staring at me like that？” (2015·湖南，28)

A．would look at C．was looking at 考点归纳

一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。另外，正如现在进行时有时可表示一般将来时一样，过去进行时也可表示过去将来时。

After Jack had sent some e-mails，he started working on his project. 杰克发了一些电子邮件后，就开始做起他的项目。

James has just arrived，but I didn’t know he was coming until yesterday. 詹姆斯已经到了，但是直到昨天我才知道他要来。 考点6 一般将来时与将来进行时的比较

1．—Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment. —All right.I ________ him later.(2015·北京，30) A．will call C．call

B．have called D．will be calling B．looked at D．am looking at

2．Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she ________ a class at that time.(2015·天津，6)

A．will teach C．has taught

B．would teach D．will be teaching

考点归纳

一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态；而将来进行时强调将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。

By the time you have finished this book，your meal will get cold. 到你看完这本书的时候，饭菜就会凉了。 —Could I use your car tomorrow morning? —Sure.I will be writing a report at home. ——明天上午我可以用你的汽车吗？ ——当然可以。那时候我将正在家写报告。 考点7 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较

1．Dashan，who ________ crosstalk，the Chinese comedic tradition，for decades，wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.(2016·江苏，29)

A．will be learning C．had been learning

B．is learning D．has been learning

2．—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? —Well，the media ________ it in a variety of forms.(2014·江苏，23) A．cover C．have covered 考点归纳

现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到现在已经完成，侧重于结果或影响；而现在完成进行时则表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到现在，并且还在进行或刚刚完成，强调动作的延续性。

—I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me? —Sorry，I haven’t played the piano for years.

——我记得在大学时你是一个钢琴天才，你能为我弹奏一曲吗？ ——抱歉，我好多年都没有弹钢琴了。 —Tony，why are your eyes red?

—I have been cutting up peppers for the last five minutes. ——托尼，为什么你的眼睛那么红啊？ ——过去的5分钟我一直都在切辣椒。 考点8 be going to与will表将来的比较 —What time is it?

—I have no idea.But just a minute，I ________ it for you.(2014·北京，31) A．check

B．checked B．will cover D．covered

C．will check 考点归纳

D．would check

be going to表示按计划或安排将要发生的事情；而will不强调行为的计划性，多指临时的决定或安排。

—Mary is ill.I am going to visit her. —Sorry，I didn’t know.I will go with you. ——玛丽病了，我打算去看她。 ——抱歉我不知道，我和你一起去。 考点9 被动语态

1．The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________ with success in the end.(2016·北京，30)

A．rewarded C．will reward

B．were rewarded D．will be rewarded

2．To my delight，I ________ from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.(2015·福建，26)

A．was chosen C．would choose

B．was being chosen D．had chosen

3．—It’s so cold here! Why not close the door?

—Sorry.It ________.I’ll have it repaired as soon as possible.(2015·泰州高三调研，27)

A．won’t shut C．doesn’t shut

B．won’t be shut D．isn’t shut

4．We won’t start the work until all the preparations ________.(2014·天津，11) A．are being made C．have been made

B．will be made D．had been made

5．In freezing weather，snow ________ turn into ice，which is easy to ________.(2014·无锡高三期末，34)

A．may；be slipped C．can；slip on

B．can；slip D．must；slip on

6．If nothing________，the oceans will turn into fish deserts.(2013·湖南，26) A．does C．will do 考点归纳

1．只有及物动词或短语才有被动语态；不及物动词或短语无被动语态。

B．had been done D．is done

Many stars appear in the sky at night. 晚上天空会出现很多星星。

Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the reform and opening. 改革开放以来，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。

2．被动语态的构成为“be＋过去分词”，只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态；除be外被动语态的构成形式还有：get/become＋过去分词。

Her car got stolen at the weekend. 她的车在周末被人偷了。

Tigers become endangered.老虎濒临灭绝。

3．感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。如：let，have，see，notice，watch，listen to，hear，observe，feel等。

The boss made them work twelve hours every day. →They were made to work twelve hours every day. 老板让他们每天工作十二小时。 4．主动形式表示被动含义：

(1)系动词feel，look，seem，appear，taste，sound，smell，prove，remain等用主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常是事物。

The water feels warm.水摸起来很暖和。 The dish smells good.这道菜闻起来很香。

(2)表示开始、结束、运动的词如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，shut等。 When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始？ The windows wouldn’t open.窗子打不开了。

(3)表示主语的某种属性的词：read，write，act，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，look，shut等。

The cloth washes well.这种布料好洗。 The book sells quickly.这书销售得快。 Cheese cuts easily.奶酪很好切。

(4)在“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”句型中，有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语，这时应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多，最常用的有hard，dangerous，difficult，easy，important，nice，pleasant等。

That question is difficult to answer. 那个问题不容易回答。

Chicken’s legs are nice to eat.鸡腿很好吃。

(5)表示“需要”的need，want，require以及be worth后的动词-ing形式，用主动形式表示

被动含义。

The shoes need washing.鞋子需要洗了。 The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。 【方法总结】

方法1 通过“时态标志词”解题

做时态题时首先要在题干中寻找时间标志词，不同的时间状语代表动作发生的时间点或时间段的不同。

常见时态的标志词有：

1．一般现在时：always，every time，now and then，occasionally，seldom，sometimes，often，usually等。

2．现在完成时：up to now，so far，recently，already，yet，in the past few years，for＋时间段，since＋时间点以及since引导的从句等。

3．过去完成时：by＋过去时间，by the end of＋过去时间，by the time...等。

4．将来进行时：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow等。

5．将来完成时：by＋将来时间，by the end of＋将来时间，before...等。

1．More efforts，as reported，________ in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.(2016·江苏，22)

A．are made C．are being made 答案 B

解析 考查一般将来时的被动语态。句意为：正如报道的那样，要加快供给侧结构改革，今后几年要付出更多的努力。根据时间状语in the years ahead可知，此处要用一般将来时，再结合主语more efforts与动词make之间为被动关系可知答案为B。

2．Silk ________ one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.(2016·浙江，9)

A．had become C．has become 答案 A

解析 考查动词的时态。句意为：到大约公元前 100 年时，丝绸就已成为沿丝绸之路进行交易的主要货物之一。“by＋过去时间”作状语，谓语应用过去完成时态。

3．—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?

—The new Star Wars.We ________ here for more than two hours.(2016·北京，23) A．waited

B．wait B．was becoming D．is becoming B．will be made D．have been made

C．would be waiting 答案 D

D．have been waiting

解析 考查动词的时态。句意为：——请问，你们在等哪场电影？——最新的《星际大战》，我们在这儿已经等了两个小时了。由句中的时间状语“for more than two hours”可知，动作从过去延续到现在，并对现在产生直接影响，且动作还可能延续，故用现在完成进行时。故选D。

方法2 通过“固定结构”解题

对含有固定结构的时态题，要迅速定位，根据该句型选用正确的时态。 常见的固定结构有：

1．had done sth.when...刚做完某事这时…… 2．be doing sth.when...正在做某事这时……

3．在“It (This) is the best (worst，most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。

4．在“It (This) is the first/second/third...time＋that 从句”中， that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时；在“It (This) was the first/second/third...time＋that 从句”中， that从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。

5．在hardly (scarcely)．..when...，no sooner...than...句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。

6．在“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”结构中，陈述句的谓语动词为will do。 Jack ________ in the lab when the power cut occurred.(2016·北京，21) A．works C．was working 答案 C

解析 考查时态。句意为：杰克正在实验室里工作这时突然停电了。be doing...when...(某人)正在做某事，这时……，是固定句式。由occurred可知停电是发生在过去的某一具体时刻，故用过去进行时，选C。

方法3 通过“语境暗示”解题

近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高，大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。考生要捕捉有效信息，充分理解情境，综合运用所学知识，灵活答题。

—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?

—Not really.She________ us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.(2015·北京，27)

A．was to give C．was giving 答案 B

B．had given D．would give B．has worked D．would work

解析 句意为：——你找到安的家有困难吗？——不是很难。她给了我们很清楚的指引，我们很容易就找到了。根据问句可知，“找到安的家”这件事发生在过去，而“给出指引”应该是发生在“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时态，所以答案为B。

方法4 遵循语态优于时态的原则

这一原则非常重要，在解决这类问题时，我们应首先考虑语态问题，即动词与主语之间是主动还是被动关系。利用这一原则可以直接得出某些试题的答案，或者可以有效地缩小选择范围，提高解题的准确度。

Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement ________ so far by the two sides.(2015·天津，9)

A．has been reached C．will reach 答案 A

解析 句意为：尽管以前进行了多轮的会谈，但到目前为止双方尚未达成任何协议。由no agreement与reach之间为被动关系可知，排除C、D两项；由时间状语so far(常和现在完成时连用)可判断，用现在完成时，所以答案为A项。

【扩展交流】

[典题精选] ①(2015·浙江高考)In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.

②(2016·石家庄市一模)When English is an only language in class, students will have more opportunity to practise listening and speaking. However, there were problems with this method.

①(2014·陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the

①_________

(2)语态错用 常见错误类型有： ①系动词和不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态，误把系动词和不及物动词(短语)当作及物动词而使用被动语态；

___

①_____________

②_________

(1)上下文中时态不一致 若上下文叙述的是同一件事情，则时态应具有一致性。

①若上下文是一般过去时，则同样用一般过去时；

②若上下文是一般现在时，则同样用一般现在时。

[我来改正] [常设误点] B．was reached D．will have reached

sky — they were looked like rain! ____

②(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Tea in China was traditionally drank from __ cups without handles.

②_________

②被动语态构成错误，其构成形式应为“be＋过去分词”。

【当堂达标】

Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当时态或语态填空

1．In the last few years, China ________ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.

2．—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?

—Not really. She ________ (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.

3．—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. —All right. I ________ (call) him later.

4．The real reason why prices ________ (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.

5．Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ________ (leave) my book in the cafe. 6．—Where is Peter? I can't find him anywhere.

—He went to the library after breakfast and ________ (write) his essay there ever since.

7．As you go through this book, you ________ (find) that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.

8．I wasn't able to hide my eagerness when I ________ (ask), “What do you wish me to do now？”

9．He must have sensed that I ________ (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that？”

10．Marty ________ (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.

11．—Is Peter coming?

—No, he ________ (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.

12．Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement ________ (reach) so far by the two sides.

13．—Did you enjoy the party?

—Yes. We ________ (treat) well by our hosts.

14．It is reported that a space station ________ (build) on the moon in years to come.

15．To my delight, I ________ (choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.

16．I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but ________ (hold) back thankfully by the shop window.

17．More expressways ________ (build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy. 18．Unless some extra money ________ (find), the theatre will close.

19．Shakespeare's play Hamlet ________ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.

20．We are confident that the environment ________ (improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution.

Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给动词的适当形式填空)

My uncle is a hard-working man. He __1__ (get) up early every morning, and he works hard in his fields every day. If it __2__ (rain), he will stay indoors, doing his housework. He likes making baskets on his own. In the past five years, he __3__ (make) about five hundred baskets. Last year, he __4__ (sell) fifty baskets.

The other day, I __5__ (go) to see my uncle. He told me that he __6__ (buy) a new flat in the town soon, which __7__ (expect). At this time next year, he __8__ (live) in his new flat. During the talk, I also learned that he __9__ (earn) enough money to buy a new flat by the end of last month. I hope his new flat __10__ (equip) with modern furniture.

意。根据语境可知“改变主意”应该发生在对话前的某一时间，即在过去的某一时间，故用一般过去时。

12．has been reached 句意：尽管之前进行了多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有取得一致意见。根据题干中的时间状语 so far 可知此处应该用现在完成时，而 agreement 与谓语动词之间为被动关系，所以要用现在完成时的被动语态。

13．were treated 句意：——你们在聚会上玩得愉快吗？——是的，我们被主人们招待得很好。根据对话内容可知所谈事情发生在过去，且主语 we 与动词 treat 之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时态的被动语态形式。

14．will be built 句意：据报道，一个太空站在未来几年将会在月球上被建立。根据语境中的时间状语 in years to come 及 space station 和 build 之间为被动关系可知这里用一般将来时态的被动语态。

15．was chosen 句意：使我高兴的是，在数以百计的申请者中，我被选出来参加开幕式。主语 I 与 choose 为被动关系，设空处需用被动语态；又因为本题介绍的是过去的一种情况应用一般过去时，故用一般过去时态的被动语态形式。

16．was held 句意：当时我有一种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具，但是幸好被商店橱窗阻隔了。根据题干中的 had a strong desire (一般过去时)可推知设空处需用一般过去时；主语 I 与 hold back 之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。综上所述答案为 was held。

17．will be built 句意：四川很快会建更多的高速公路来促进当地经济的发展。根据题干中的 soon 可知设空处用一般将来时；expressways 与 build 为被动关系，故用一般将来时的被动语态。

18．is found 句意：除非找到一些额外资金，否则这家剧院就得关门。由主句中的 will 可知 unless 引导的从句应用一般现在时态表将来，且 money 和 find 之间是被动关系，故答案为 is found。

19．has been made 句意：在过去的数年里，莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》被制作成了至少十部不同的电影。通常情况下，题干中出现 over the past years “在过去的数年里”，句子用现在完成时态，又因 play 与 make 之间为被动关系，故设空处用现在完成时的被动语态。

20．will be improved 句意：我们相信，通过我们进一步减少污染的努力，环境会有所改善。题干中的 are 表明语境是现在时，空格处的动作是将来发生的且 environment 与 improve 之间为被动关系，故用一般将来时的被动语态。

Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给动词的适当形式填空)

1．gets 2.rains 3.has made 4.sold 5．went 6.would buy 7.had been expected 8．will be living 9.had earned 10.will be equipped

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