Section 4 Stuart Dynasty and The English Bourgeois Revolutio(3)

England is the largest and most developed of all the three political divisions. Area: more than 130,000 square kilometers which takes up nearly 60% of the whole island. Population: 47million(85%). Its importance is so great that some foreigners just say “England” when they mean Britain.

The English Revolution was a conflict among three social forces. The bourgeoisie, led by Oliver Cromwell and organized in the parliament, aroused by the English working class all warring against Charles I, the High Church, and the aristocracy. The English Civil War was a series of armed and political conflicts between parliamentarians and Royalists. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) civil wars were fighting between the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory .

Social background of the Revolution:

1)During the last years of Elizabeth’bourgeoisie were strained.

2) The of Charles, the between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. Charles I was in favor of Catholicism and showed his readiness to restore the old ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church. He persecuted the Protestants, especially the Puritans. This caused great uneasiness among the people who had benefited from the Reformation.

3) During those food prices and widespread unemployment added to the discontent of the broad masses.

Two Parties of the Revolution

Left Wing of the Parliament: free farmers, tradesmen, and artisans(工匠) of the country towns. They were called Roundheads圆颅党(英国1642-1652内战期间的议会派分子, 与保皇党相对)

Right Wing: king’s supporters, from the West and the North of England. They were the poorest and most warlike parts of the kingdom. They were mostly Catholics and feudal lords. They were generally called the Cavaliers(骑士)or Royalists保王党人.

Result: 1) The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653), and then with a Protectorate摄政政体 (1653–1659), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. 2) Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that a although this concept was established only with the Glorious Revolution later in the century.

Restoration (1660)

a. Cause― When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse, because Cromwell’s son was incompetent in governing the country. A new Parliament, composed of both Houses, was again assembled in 1660, and it resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. This was called the Restoration.

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