句法的定义(4)

4.3 Object

? Object is also a term hard to define. Since, traditionally, subject can be defined as the doer of the action, object may refer to the “receiver” or “goal” of an action, and it is further classified into Direct Object and Indirect Object. ? Mother bought a doll. ? Mother gave my sister a doll. IO DO ? Question:

What is the relation between classes and functions ? 5. Category

? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language. Traditionally, category is termed as “parts of speech”. Major lexical categories and minor lexical categories Examples of some lexical categories Major lexical categories Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Examples Harry, boy, policy, bravery arrive, discuss, dislike intelligent, tall, fond near, over, by Minor lexical categories Examples

Determiner (Det) Degree word (Deg) Qualifier (Qual) Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Con)

the, a, this, those quite, very, more, so often, always, seldom, never must, should, can, might and, or, but ? The term category refers to the defining properties of these general units:

? Categories of the noun: number, gender, case and countability

? Categories of the verb: tense, aspect, voice ? 5.1 Number ? 5.2 Gender ? 5.3 Case ? 5.4 Agreement 6. Phrase, Clause and Sentence 6.1 Phrase

? the three tallest girls (nominal phrase) ? has been doing

(verbal phrase) ? extremely difficult

(adjectival phrase)

? to the door (prepositional phrase) ? very fast

(adverbial phrase)

6.2 Clause

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