句法的定义

? 句法的定义；句法关系；向心结构；离心结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性、数、格）。

? The traditional approach传统学派 ? -The structural approach 结构主义学派

? -The generative approach 生成语法 ? -The functional approach 功能学派

? -Systemic-functional grammar 系统功能语法 ? 1. Education is no longer free as it use to be.

2. For example, the computer that is used everywhere today to increase efficiency and save the cost of labour .

3.In our country we vote for our government, the next federal election is coming again.

? 4. The river will flood again next year unless we will build a better dam.

5. Many people are dishonest with government. Although they are married, but they don?t want to declare they are married.

? 6. Three hundred dollars are what we must pay.

? 7.How do you think of my boyfriend，dad？the girl ask.

8. Winter storms that bring ice， sleet， and snow they can cause traffic problem.

9. The cake was suppose to be tasty.

? 10. If I would have trained for the race，I might have won.

? 11. Because our car was overheating， it came as no surprise that it broke down just as it began to run.

12. The moon, along with Venus, are visible in the night sky.

13. The candidate felt unusual energetic.

14. People feared that they would no longer be able to happily live in peace.

1.1 What is syntax ?

It?s a kind of micro linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.

? Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.

? 句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。 1.2 The basic units --- phrase, clause and sentence ? a nice day

? What I have read is interesting. ? I like it because it is fashionable 1.3 What is a sentence?

? It is structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.

? It is not subordinated to a larger linguistic form. ? It is also called a maximum free form.

--- L. Bloomfield 2. Syntactic relations

? Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds:

? relations of position ? relations of substitutability ? relations of co-occurrence

2.1 Positional relation

? Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. For example,

? The boy kicked the ball

? *Boy the ball kicked the ? *The ball kicked the boy

? Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations （横组合关系）observed by F. de Saussure.

? They are also called Horizontal Relations （横向关系）or simply Chain Relations（链状关系）.

? Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world:

? English belongs to SVO type.

2.2 Relation of Substitutability

? The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.

_ ________ will go tomorrow. She They Mary The boy

? This is also called Associative Relations （联想关系）by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations（纵聚合关系） by Hjemslev.

? To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations（纵向关系或选择关系）.

2.3 Relation of Co-occurrence

? It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. ? 同现关系指小句中不同集合的词语允许或要求和另一集合

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