在撰写目录的同时,还应注重理清层次关系,即:遵循同级标题表达同一层次相互并列内容的原则进行排列各级标题,不然就会出现层次混淆、脉络不清等问题。例如一篇题为“CulturalSimilaritiesandDiffer-encesofConnotationsBetweenChineseandEnglishAni-malVocabulary”的论文目录:
1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
2.TheSignificanceofComparisonandContrastofAnimalWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese…1
3.TheSimilaritiesandDifferencesofAnimalWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese……………………2
3.1ThesimilaritiesofanimalwordsbetweenEnlgishandChinese………………………………………2
3.1.1Thesamewordintwolanguagesexpressingthesamemeaning……………………………………3
3.1.2Thesameculturalconnotationofdifferentanimalwords…………………………………………4
3.2ThedifferencesofanimalwordsbetweenEnglishandChinese………………………………………4
3.2.1Nationalculturalcharactersofanimalwords………………………………………………………5
3.2.2CulutraldifferencesofanimalwordsbetweenEnglishandChinese……………………………7
3.2.2.1GoodsenseinEnglishbutbadinChinese…………………………………………………………7
3.2.2.2GoodsenseinChinesebutbadinEnglish…………………………………………………………8
3.3Lossesofculturalconnotationsindifferentlanguages………………………………………………9
3.3.1ThewordrichinEnglishculturaldenotativemeaningbutpoorinChinese…………………9
3.3.2ThewordrichinChineseculturaldenotativemeaningbutpoorinEnglish…………………10
4.TheImportanceofKnowlegeAboutCultuarlSimilaritiesandDifferences…………………………10
5.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………11
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
本目录的问题在于层次多处混淆。一是3.TheSimilaritiesandDifferencesofAnimalWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese这个一级标题与该论文题名大体相似,这与题名应大于一级标题的观点不相符。同样,3.2.2Culu-traldifferencesofanimalwordsbetweenEnglishandChinese这个三级标题与3.2ThedifferencesofanimalwordsbetweenEng-lishandChinese这个二级标题大体相同,也不规范。二是2.TheSignificanceofComparisonandContrastofAnimalWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese和4.TheImportanceofKnowledgeAboutCultuarlSimilaritiesandDifferences这两个一级标题意思相近,内容重叠,且无下级标题。三是3.3Lossesofculturalconnotationsindifferentlanguages这个二级标题与另外两个同级标题3.1ThesimilaritiesofanimalwordsbetweenEnglishandChinese和3.2ThedifferencesofanimalwordsbetweenEnglishandChinese在内容上不属于相互并列的同一层次,而从属于3.2ThedifferencesofanimalwordsbetweenEnglishandChinese.3.2.1Nationalculturalcharactersofanimalwords这个三级标题与同级标题3.2.2CulutraldifferencesofanimalwordsbetweenEnglishandChinese也非并列关系。
根据Gibaldi的观点,目录标题之间的关系不是并列关系就是从属关系。并列关系用于表达同等重要的思想,从属关系则表述不同等级的思想。为此,笔者认为,可采用删减、整合和理顺等方法理清目录层次不清的问题。删减在此是指把与论文题名或与上级标题相同的标题直接删去。这样删减一级标题3和三级标题3.2.2后,再对其下属各级标题分别作相应的提升,从而避免了一级标题与论文题名的混淆,同时也避免了下级标题与上级标题的混淆。
整合在此是指把两个同级关联的标题合并为一。Marius和Wiener指出:一旦发现有重叠或重复就要删减,或找出更佳表达方法。此处可采用整合法,即将原2.TheSignificanceofComparisonandContrastofAnimalWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese合并入1.Introduction;将原4.TheImportanceofKnowlegeAboutCultuarlSimilaritiesandDifferences合并入原5.Conclusion,并将序号作相应调整。
这样,在Introduction中引出英汉动物词汇之比较对照的重要性,在Conclusion中总结英汉动物词汇的文化异同,引言和结论相互照应,既避免了同级标题的重叠,又避免了比重失调的问题。
理顺在此是指理顺隶属关系或并列关系。从逻辑上讲,原3.3Lossesofculturalconnotationsindifferentlanguages二级标题应从属于ThedifferencesofanimalwordsbetweenEnglishandChinese.原3.2.2.1GoodsenseinEnglishbutbadinChinese和原3.2.2.2GoodsenseinChinesebutbadinEng-lish应从属于原3.2.1Nationalculturalcharactersofanimalwords作此调整后,各级标题关系明确,层次清楚。经修改后的目录如下:
1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
2.TheSimilaritiesofAnimalWordsBetweenEnlgishandChinese…………………………………………2
2.1Thesamewordintwolanguagesexpressingthesamemeaning…………………………………………3
2.2Thesameculturalconnotationofdifferentanimalwords……………………………………………4
3.TheDifferencesofAnimalWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese…………………………………………4
3.1Nationalculturalcharactersofanimalwords……………………………………………………………5
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