C. Photos with a 100-year exposure time will be developed and exhibited. D. Books printed on the wood of trees planted in 2017 will be displayed. 25. What can we learn about today’s people’s attitude toward works of art? A. They consider works deliberately. B. They spend little time on Works. C. They spend much money 0n works. D. They stare at works for 10 minutes at a time. 26. What is the purpose of the wave of slow art? A. To advocate creating works of art slowly. B. To protect works of art from being damaged. C. To promote works of art for modern culture.
D. To encourage people to pay more attention to works of art. 27. How would Anne Beate Hovind feel about the city life? A. It’s discouraging. C. Its developed.
B. It’s dull. D. It’s busy
C
Scientists have been studying how people use money for long. Now they’re finding some theories may apply to one group of monkeys.
Researchers recently taught six monkeys how to use money. They gave the monkeys small metal disks(圆片) that could be used like cash and showed them some yummy apple pieces. The monkeys soon figured out that if they gave one of the disks to a scientist, they’d receive a piece of apple in return.
If you think that is all the monkeys can figure out, you are wrong. Two researchers, Jake and Allison, acted as apple sellers in the experiments. The monkeys were tested one at a time and had 12 disks to spend in each experiment. Jake always showed the monkeys one apple piece, while Allison always showed two pieces. But that’s not necessarily what they gave the monkeys. The number of apple pieces given for a disk was determined at random.
Experiment One: Allison showed two pieces of apples but gave both pieces only half the time. The other half, she took one piece away and gave the monkey just the remaining piece. Jake, on
the other hand, always gave exactly what he showed: one piece for each disk. The monkeys chose to trade more with Allison.
Experiment Two: Allison continued to sometimes gave two pieces and sometimes one piece. But now, half the time, Jake gave the one apple piece he was showing, and half the time he added a bonus. Guess what? The monkeys chose to trade more with Jake.
In the first experiment, the monkeys correctly figured out that if they traded with Allison, they’d end up with more treats. In the second one, when a monkey received two pieces from Jake, it seemed like again. When Allison gave the monkey only one piece instead of the two she showed, it seemed like a loss. The monkeys preferred trading with Jake because they’d rather take a chance of seeming to win than seeming to lose.
We also sometimes make silly business decisions just to avoid the feeling that we’re getting less, even when were not. Would you have made the same choices?
28. What conclusion might experts draw from the first experiment? A. The monkeys show certain business sense. B. Business theories can apply to all monkeys. C. People are smarter in terms of finance. D. It’s easy to teach monkeys how to trade. 29. What does a bonus in paragraph 5 refer to? A. A metal disk. B. An apple piece. C. A chance. D. A coin.
30. Why did the monkeys choose to trade more with Jake in the second experiment? A. Because Jake always gave them two apple pieces. B. Because the apple pieces from Jake were yummy. C. Because they didn’t like the feeling of losing. D. Because they get more apple pieces from Jake. 31. What could be the best title for the passage? A. People’s Business Decision: Lose or Gain? B. Moneky’s Business Sense: Smart or Silly?
C. Shopping for Bargain: Same or different? D. Disk for Apple: Who to Trade with?
D
Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.
As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separation. When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate food reward for a slightly later (and better) one. Healthy hens may aid friends, and mourn when those friend die.
Pigs respond meaningful to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O’s. Then the team switched from real-life objects to T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs walked only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not inconsiderable feat of reasoning.
I’ve been guilty of prejudiced expectations, myself. At the start of my career almost four decades ago, I was firmly convinced that monkeys and apes out-think and out-feel other animals. They’re other primates(灵长目动物), after all, animals from our own mammalian(灵长目动物) class. Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, whales too are masters of cultural learning and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term studies in the wild on these mammals helped to fuel a viewpoint shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedure in laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.
Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chickens, pigs, goats, and cows, 1 started to wonder: Will the new science of \an ethical (伦理的) revolution in terms of who we eat? In other words, will our ethics start to catch up with the development of our science?
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