LOVE IS A FALLACY练习答案(7)

答案:imp 2-25: /

答案:laccid 2-26: /

答案:ppropriate 2-27: /

答案:ategory 2-28: /

答案:iscipline 2-29: / 答案:cute 2-30: /

答案:stute 2-31: /

答案:ypothesis 2-32: /

答案:ebate 2-33: /

答案:itchblende 2-34: /

答案:ndignation 2-35: /

答案:hriek 2-36: / 答案:urf 2-37: /

答案:eveal 2-38: / 答案:amy 2-39: /

答案:lunge 2-40: / 答案:elt 2-41: /

答案:molder 2-42: /

答案:rospect 2-43: /

答案:raught 2-44: /

答案:ualification 3-1: / 答案: B 3-2: / 答案: D 3-3: / 答案: C

3-4: / 答案: D 3-5: / 答案: A 6-1: /

答案:synecdoche 6-2: /

答案:metaphor 6-3: /

答案:simile 6-4: /

答案:hyperbole 6-5: /

答案:allusion; metonymy 6-6: /

答案:hyperbole 6-7: /

答案:metaphor 6-8: /

答案:extended metaphor 6-9: /

答案:metonymy 6-10: /

答案:mixed metaphor

7-1:Once completed, the Three Gorges Project itself will become a new wonder of the world. The giant dam will stand upstream to hold back Wushan Mountain's clouds and rain. A gigantic shiplock will stand there to lift towboats with a total tonnage up to 10,000 over the dam. The hydropower station, as dazzling as a palace, will shoot out its mighty current through an extensive power--grid. 7-2:As a hallmark of the great success of the concept of “one country, two systems,” Hong Kong's return to the motherland constitutes a crucial step taken by the Chinese people in the great cause of the reunification of the motherland.Since Hong Kong's return, the policies of “one country, two systems”, “Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong” and a high degree of autonomy have been implemented conscientiously, and Hong Kong has maintained its prosperity and stability. Facts will prove that the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) and our compatriots in Hong Kong will surely be able to administer Hong Kong well in accordance with the Basic Law of the HKSAR.

Background Information:

1. Logical fallacy: An argument in logic presents evidence in support of some thesis or conclusion. An argument has two components: a conclusion, the thesis argued for; and certain premises, the considerations adduced on behalf of the conclusion. The conclusion is said to be drawn, or inferred, from the premises. An argument is deductively valid when its premises provide conclusive evidence for the conclusion. An argument that fails to be conclusively deduced is invalid; it is said to be

fallacious.

An argument may be fallacious in three ways: in its material content, through a misstatement of the facts; in its wording, through an incorrect use of terms; or in its structure (or form), through the use of an improper process of inference. Fallacies are, therefore, divided into three groups and classified as (1) material, (2) verbal and (3) formal. The material fallacies are also known as fallacies of presumption, because the premises \the conclusion, or avoid the issue in view. The verbal fallacies, called fallacies of ambiguity, arise when the conclusion is achieved though an improper use of words. Strictly logical, or formal, fallacies arise not from the specific matter of the argument but from a structural pattern of reasoning that is generically incorrect.

The fallacies mentioned in the text belong to the first group, i.e. they are material fallacies. Some of the important fallacies in this category may be stated as follows: (1) the fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances (\makes the rule inapplicable. This is the “Dicto Simpliciter\fallacy in the text. (2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of \(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes me point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so-called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argument ad hominem (speaking \'Poisoning the Welt\personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument ad misericordiam (an appeal to \as when a trial lawyer,' rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4) The fallacy of circular argument or \the question\occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example: \always votes wisely.\\how do you know?\cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called post hoc ergo propter hoc, mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a \consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: \yes and Mary no. \involved (example: \sequitur (\does not follow''), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plausible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the

conclusion drawn from them.

2. Ruskin: John Ruskin (1819-1900), English critic and social theorist, was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century'. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836-40 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry, in 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a \to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin's art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin's positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols., 1871-84). Many of his suggested programs- old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor---have become accepted doctrine.

Unit Ten

Love is a Fallacy By Max Shulman

Detailed Study of the Text:

1. Love is a Fallacy: This piece is taken from Max Shulman's The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, 1951. The narrator is Dobie.

2. Charles Lamb ... Dream's Children: a metaphor. Charles Lamb ..., with his essays Old China and Dream's Children, set free (loosened the chains that bound) the informal essay.

as ... as: a correlative construction used to indicate the equality or sameness of two things month of Sundays: (colloquial) long time

Old China and Dream's Children: Title of two essays written by Charles Lamb. Charles Lamb is a very merry and enterprising person. You'll meet such a person only after a long time. He wrote the essays, Old China and Dream's Children, which set free the informal essay.

(Note: the word \in the phrase \China and Dream's Children\in the text should not be in italics.)

3. \appropriate: It would perhaps be more correct to call this essay a limp, flaccid-or a spongy essay.

limp: drooping; lacking firmness

flaccid: soft, flabby; hanging in loose folds

spongy: like a sponge; soft and porous

4. logic, far from ... and trauma: metaphor and hyperbole. It is a metaphor comparing logic to a living human being. It is a hyperbole because it exaggerates for the sake of effect. Logic is not at all a dry, learned branch of learning. It is tike a living human being, full of beauty, passion and painful emotional shocks.

far from (it): not at all

discipline: a branch of knowledge or learning

trauma: a term in psychiatry meaning a painful emotional experience or shock, often producing a lasting psychic effect

5. My brain . . scalpel: simile, comparing his brain to three different things; also hyperbole, exaggerating for effect

dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

chemist's scales: Such scales are more precise and accurate for they have to weigh small quantities of powder or other medicine.

Scalpel: a surgeon's sharp knife used in operations

6. And-- think of it! – eighteen: Notice the use of dashes.

think of it: an exclamatory phrase to intensify that which follows. Some other such phrases are \

7. Same age? ox: ellipsis. He is of the same age and has the same background but he is dumb as an ox.

dumb as an ox: simile, as stupid as an ox; very stupid

dumb: (American colloquialism or slang) stupid; moronic; unintelligent

8. A nice ... upstairs: ellipsis. He is a nice enough young fellow, you understand, but there is nothing upstairs.

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