写作翻译练习答案4(2)

通过对中国国家知识产权局在1986年至2006年间所批准的超过110万个发明与实用新型专利的研究，本文分析了整个中国创新性研究活动的概况。这些专利是中国国家知识产权局从超过200万份专利申请中挑选并批准的，而这些专利申请包括了世界知识产权组织（WIPO）所提供的国际专利类型（IPC）中所有的129个类型，并且涉及了自1985年开始中国接受专利申请以来到2006年之间所有的8个专利受托部门。 这些专利受托部门（专利持有者）包括民营企业、个人、大学、国有（或国营）企业、公共研究机构、国有（国营）研究机构、政府以及医院。

进而，本文的分析主要关注涉及所有8个专利受托部门，12个重要的科技类型、超过20万份的专利。这些重要的科技类型根据国际专利类型，从大量文献著作挑选出来的。这些科技类型的范围从化学、生命科学（也就是有机化学、有机大分子化合物、生物化学、微生物学以及遗传学）、医学、制药学到光学、计算机技术、信息通讯技术、电子学、半导体技术、微结构技术以及纳米技术。 8.

Thanks to its simplicity and scalability, electromagnetic induction is still the technology of choice among many of the remaining companies in the wireless-charging arena. But, as Splashpower found, turning the theory into profitable practice is not straightforward. One of the main difficulties for companies has been persuading manufacturers to incorporate charging modules into their devices. But lately there have been some promising developments.

The first is the formation in December 2008 of the Wireless Power Consortium, a body dedicated to establishing a common standard for inductive wireless charging, and thus promoting its adoption. The new consortium’s members include big consumer-electronics firms, such as Philips and Sanyo, as well as Texas Instruments (TI), a chipmaker.

Menno Treffers, chairman of the consortium and director of standardization at Philips, says universal standards are the single most important requirement for the adoption of wireless charging. Philips is one of the few companies to have commercialized wirelessly charged devices—notably, electric toothbrushes and something it calls an “intimate dual massager”. Meanwhile, Mr. Treffers acknowledges that a more collaborative approach is needed to ensure that different devices, such as mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras, can share the same charging equipment. (照应，连接，搭配关系，词汇重复)

由于电磁感应的简易性和扩展性，电磁感应仍然是许多涉足无线充电领域公司的首选技术。但是，就像斯比力公司认为的那样，要把理论转化为可盈利的实际产品并非易事。虽然其中一个最主要的困难就是公司要说服设备制造商在他们的设备中加入充电模块，但是最近的一些进展让人看到了一线希望。

首先就是无线电源协会于2008年12月成立。该协会致力于建立一个统一的无线充电行业标准，并推动其实践应用。该协会成员包括大的电子消费品生产厂商，比如飞利浦和三洋，以及芯片制造商德州仪器（TI）。

无线电源协会主席门诺，同时也是飞利浦公司标准化部门主任，认为统一标准是无线充电得以应用的关键。飞利浦公司是少数几家生产商用无线充电产品的厂商之一,特别是电动牙刷和一款称之为“贴身双面按摩器”的产品非常引人注目。同时，门诺也认为应该寻求一种方法，使众多的设备（比如手机、笔记本电脑和数码相机）的充电设备能够通用。 9.

If you are looking for information, library shelves are a good place to start. But if you need up-to-the-minute data or have specialized needs, you may find a computerized database more useful, less expensive, and less time consuming. A database, a file of information on one subject or family of subjects, can be stored and maintained in a computer’s memory. The speed of the computer then enables you to recall any item in this file almost instantly.

The three main types of databases are statistical, bibliographic, and full text. Statistical databases store vast amounts of numerical data, such as wage and price indexes, census information, foreign exchange rates, and bond prices. Bibliographic databases store references to and summaries of articles in periodicals and newspapers. Full-text databases offer the complete texts of such materials as newspaper, magazine, and journal articles. (连接，词汇重复) 如果你想获取信息，去图书馆的书架上寻找是个不错的选择。但是，如果你需要最新的信息数据，或者有特殊的需求，你会发现电脑数据库更有用，更便宜，也更省时。数据库是一个科目或一类科目的信息文件，它可以被存储并保留在电脑记忆库中。电脑的速度能使你即刻就能调出该文件中的任何一个文件。 数据库主要有三种类型：统计文件，文献目录和资料全文。统计数据库储存大量的数字数据，如工资和价格指数，人口普查资料，外汇比价以及债券价格。文献目录存储各类期刊和报纸文章的有关情况和内容概要。资料全文数据库提供诸如报纸，杂志以及期刊文章的全文。 10. Energy in nature comes in many different forms. Heat is a form of energy. A lot of heat energy comes from the sun. Heat can also come from a forest fire or, in much smaller quantities, from the warm body of an animal. Light is another form of energy. It also comes from the sun and from the stars. Some animals and even plants produce small amounts of light energy. Radio waves and ultraviolet rays are other forms of energy. Then there is electricity, which is yet another sort of energy.

There are some things about energy that are difficult to understand. The fact that it constantly changes from one form to another makes energy rather like a disguised artist. When you think you know what energy is, suddenly it has changed into a totally different form. But one thing is certain: energy never disappears and, equally, it never appears from nowhere. People used to think that energy and matter were two completely different things. We now know that energy and matter are interchangeable. Tiny amounts of matter convert into unbelievably huge amounts of nuclear energy. The sun produces nuclear energy from hydrogen gas and, day by day, its mass gets less, as matter is converted to energy. (连接，词汇搭配，照应) 自然界的能量有许多不同的形式。热能就是一种形式的能量。热能有许多是来自太阳。森林大火也可以产生热能，甚至一个动物温暖的身体也可以产生少许的热能。光能是能量的另一种形式，也是来自太阳和星星。一些动物甚至植物也可以产生少量的光能。无线电波和紫外线也是能量形式。另外，电能也是一种能量形式。 有关能量的一些事情很难理解。宛若一位化妆师，能量不断从一种形式转变为另一种形式，当你自认为了解它的时候，它突然变成了另一种完全不同的形式。但是有一点是肯定的：能量永远不会消失，同样，它也不会无端地产生。过去，人们认为能量和物质是两种完全不同的东西。现在我们知道，能量和物质是可以转换的。微量的物质可以转换为令人难以置信的巨大核能。太阳利用氢气产生核能，但当氢气转化为能量，其质量也日益减少。

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