7)三餐饭的名称前,常不用冠词。如: Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭了吗?
After lunch we usually have a nap.午饭后我们一般都睡午觉。
What did you have for supper?你晚饭吃什么了? [注]但指一特定的餐食时则须用定冠词,如Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快来,要不饭就凉了)。
8)球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。如:
My younger brother likes to play table tennis.我弟弟喜欢打乒乓球。 Let's go and watch them play chess.让我们去看他们下棋去。 9)节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词。如: New Year's Day元旦 National Day国庆节 May Day五一劳动节 Children's Day儿童节 Christmas Day圣诞节
10)报纸和文章的标题常常省去冠词。如:
Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 《北京来信:首都棉纺厂的妇女》(文章标题,letter之前省去了不定冠词a。)
Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板们使要求增加工资的谈判陷于僵局。(报纸标题,bosses前省去the,deadlock前省去a, pay increase talks前省去the。)
[英语语法手册]代词
定义 代词(pronoun)是代替名词的词: 代词在句子中的功用
a)和名词一样,可作主语、宾语和表语。b)有些代词和形容词一样,可作定语。如: a) I am reading The Arabian Nights.我在读《天方夜谭》。(作主语) This is John Smith speaking.(打电话用语)我是约翰?史密斯。(作主语) Can I help you?我能帮你的忙吗?(作宾语) That's all.我的话完了。(作表语)
b)His father is an eye-doctor.他父亲是个眼科医生。(作定语) All men are equal.所有的人都是平等的。(作定语)
3)格的变化 有些代词有格的变化,如 I 我(主格),me我(宾格),Who谁(主格),whom谁(宾格)。某些代词有所有格,如whose谁的,other's别人的,somebody's某人的,one's一个人的。
4)单复数形式 有些代词有单数和复数形式。少数代词的复数形式和名词的复数形式的变化规则相同,如one-ones,other-others。其他如人称代词、物主代词、自身代词和指示代词等,其复数形式与此不同,须个别记忆。
5)有或没有冠词 代词之前一般不用冠词,只有少数例外。如:the other,the others,a few,a little等。 种类
英语有下列几种代词:
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1)人称代词(personal pronoun)
a)主格:I,he,she,it,we,you,they. b)宾格:me,him,her,it,us,you,them.
2)物主代词(possessive pronoun):
a)形容词性物主代词:my,his,her,its;our,your,their.
b)名词性物主代词:mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs. 3)自身代词(self-pronoun):myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,oneself.
4)相互代词(reciprocal pronoun):each other,one another.
5)指示代词(demonstrative pronoun):this,that,these,those,such,same.
6)疑问代词(interrogative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,what. 7)关系代词(relative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,that.
8)不定代词(indefinite pronoun):some,something,somebody,someone,any,anything,anybody,anyone,no,nothing,nobody,no one,every,everything,everybody,everyone,each,much,many,little,a little,few,a few,other,another,all,none,one,both,either,neither. 人称代词概说
表示\我',、\你\、\他\、\我们\、\你们\、\他们\等的词,叫做人称代词。 人称代词的用法
1)人称代词主格的用法 a)作主语
I am a cook.(炊事员) We are cooks, You are a teacher.(教师) You are teachers. He is a barber.(理发员) The yare barbers. She is a nurse.(护士)The yare nurses. It is a cart.(大车) They are carts. b)作表语
It's I .是我。 Oh,it's you. 噢,是你。
[注一]第一人称单数人称代词I (我)永远要大写。(见上面例句) [注二]口语习惯上不说it's I (he, she等),而说It's me (him,her等)。 2)人称代词宾格的用法 a)作及物动词的宾语
The dog bit him.那只狗咬了他。
Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim yesterday.我们的体育老师昨天教我们游泳。 This is my new hat. Do you like it ?这是我的新帽子,你喜欢吗? b)作介词的宾语
My brother often writes tome.我弟弟常给我写信。 They took good care of us.他们无微不至地照料我们。
3)人称代词的其他用法 各人称代词除按照自身的人称、数和格使用外,还有下列一些特殊
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用法:
a)报刊的编辑和文章的作者,在发表观点时,常用we代替I (同样用our代替my)。如: We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.我们相信中国的造船业将会有更大的发展。
In our opinion this is the best film of the year.我们认为这是今年最好的影片。
b)用she来代替国家、城市、船舶、飞机以及动物等,以表示亲切和爱抚。如:
That's the picture of the Dongfeng; she is a 10,000 - ton class ocean - going freighter.那是万吨远洋货轮东风号的照片。
The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.那狗看见主人就摇尾巴。 c)北有时可用来代替小孩(child)和婴儿(baby)。如:
The child smiled when it saw its mother.小孩见到母亲就笑了。 d) they可用来代替一般的人,特别在\中。如:
They say there's going to be another good harvest this year.人们说今年又是个丰收年。 物主代词概说
表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词,也可叫做代词所有格。 物主代词的用法
1)形容词性物主代词用作定语
I love my work in the hospital.我喜欢我在医院的工作。
How many students are there in his (her) class?他(她)班上有多少学生? There are many good teachers in our school.我们学校有许多好老师。 I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains. 我上星期六看了一个电影,名叫《平原游击队》。 2)名词性物主代词用作主语、宾语和表语 a)用作主语:
Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second 我们的房间在一层,他们的在二层。 Ours is a socialist country.我们的国家是社会主义国家。 b)用作宾语:
I didn't borrow her dictionary. I borrowed his.我没有借她的字典,我借的是他的。 c)用作表语:
Whose pencil is this?-It is hers.这是谁的铅笔? --是她的。
These tools are ours.这些工具是我们的。
[注]\名词性物主代词\和2.12的\名词所有格\的用法完全一样。如:
a friend of mine我的一个朋友(表示部分观念,意即我有不少朋友,他(她)是其中之一) this lovely child of yours你的这个可爱的孩子(有感情色彩)
自身代词概说
表示反射(指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫做自身代词。 自身代词的用法
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1)在句中作宾语,表示动作回到动作执行者的本身。如: Please help yourself to some lea.请自己用茶。(作help的宾语)
The girl is too young to look after herself.这女孩太小,还不能照顾自己。(作look after的宾语)
He was always ready to help others; he never thought of himself他总是帮助别人,从不想到自己。(作thought of的宾语)
2)在句中作名词或代词的同位语,用来加强名词或代词的语气,作\亲自\、\本人\解。它在句中可置于名词、代词之后,也可置于句子末尾。如: You yourself said so.你自己是这样说的。
The desk itself is not so heavy.书桌本身并不重。 I fixed the window myself.这窗户是我自己装的。 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。 相互代词的用法
1)作宾语。如:
Do you often see one another?你们彼此常见面吗?
New and old students learn from each other.新老同学相互学习。. John and Tom helped each other.约翰和汤姆相互帮助。 2)作定语时须用所有格。如:
We are interested in one another's work.我们关心彼此的工作。
The students corrected each other's mistakes in their homework.学生相互改作业中的错误。 Students cut each other's hair.同学们相互理发。
3)each和other有时可分开用。如:
Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home.两个人都彼此劝说对方留在家里。 指示代词概说
表示\这个\、\那个\、\这些\、\那些\等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。
指示代词有:this这个,that那个,these这些,those那些,it那个,这个,Such如此的,如此的事物,same同样的,同样的事物。 指示代词this,these,that,those在句中的功用
指示代词this,these,that,those在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词,可用作主语、表语、宾语和定语。如:
This is a plane,这是一架飞机。(作主语) Oh,it's not that.噢,问题不在那儿。(作表语)
How do you like these?你喜欢这些吗?(作宾语)
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.这是一本关于中医的书。(作定语)
指示代词ins,these,that, those的其它用法
1)This (these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物,that(those)则常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物。如:
This is a sickle and that is an axe.这是一把镰刀,那是一把斧子。
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These days are cold.这些天很冷。
In those days the poor people had a hard time.在那些日子里,穷人生活很苦。
2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this和these则指下面将要讲到的事物。如: I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.我伤风很厉害,所以我没有来。 Those two statements are not true.那两种说法是不真实的。
What I want to say is this:Pronunciation is very important in learning English.我所要说的是:语音在英语学习中非常重要。
chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these words:\ great life A glorious death\毛主席用下面的话表彰刘胡兰:\生的伟大,死的光荣。\
3)有时为了避免重复提到过的名词,常可用that或those代替。如:
The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. 沈阳的气候跟北京的一样好。(that代替climate)
The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.这个县1987年的粮食产量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)
Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.南京出产的电视机和上海的一样好。(those代替television sets)
4)This和that有时作状语用,表示\程度\,意谓\这么\和\那么\。如: The book is about this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。 I don't want that much.我不要那么多。
It指人时亦用作指示代词。指示代词it在汉语中不必译出。 如:
Who is it?――it's me.是谁?--是我。
Oh, it's you,Lao Wang.哦,是你呀,老王。
Such和same也是指示代词,其单、复数的形式相同。它们在句中可用作: 1)定语
The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外宾说他们从来没有看过这样美丽的城市。
We are not talking about the same thing.我们谈的不是一回事。
[注] such作定语时,它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词,这个不定冠词应放在Such之后,如上面第一例。
2)相当于名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 Such were his words.这就是他讲的话。(作主语)
The same can be said of the Other article.另一篇文章也是同样情况。(作主语) Take from the drawer such as you need.你需要什么,就从抽屉里拿吧。(作宾语) His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。(作表语)
[注]注意在same之前一般须用定冠词the。 疑问代词概说
\疑问代词有who(谁,主格),whom(谁,宾格),whose(谁的,所有格),what(什么)和which(哪个,哪些)等。
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