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e. g. He pulled on his overcoat and it seemed just to cover him like a blanket. 他匆匆穿上大衣,就好像一条毯子只是把他身体遮住。 辨析:
1. besides, beside, except, except for区别 (1) besides
①介词,除了(指同一类事物,后者包括在内),一般文中有more, other, another, else等词。 e. g. He had other people to take care of besides me. 除了我他还得要照顾别的人。 What else has he done besides reading the paper? 除了读报纸他还干了什么? ②副词,此外,除此之外
e. g. Her intentions were good, besides, it was pleasant to be with her. 她的意图是好的,此外,跟她在一起很快乐。 (2)beside介词,在……旁边
e. g. He was sitting beside her. 他坐在她旁边。
(3)except介词,除去,除掉(指同一类事物,后者不包括在内) ① +名词/代词
e. g. We go there every day except Sunday. 除了周日,我们每天都去那里。 ② +介词短语
e. g. I can take my holidays at any time except in August.除了八月,我可以随时度假。 ③ +不定式
e. g. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning. 除了在早晨通风几分钟外,窗户从来不开。 ④ +从句
e. g. He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless. 他是个好学生除了偶尔有点马虎。
(4) except for除了有……之外(不同类,前后两者是整体和局部的关系,含有肯定一方否定一方之意) e. g. Your picture is good except for some of the colours.除了几点颜色之外,你的画很不错。 Now the wood is silent except for the leaves.现在整个树林很静除了树叶的沙沙声。 2. true与real区别
(1) true真的,符合实际的,可作定语或表语
e. g. Is it true that he has left for London? 他已离开去伦敦的消息确实吗? This is a story of a true man. 这是一个根据真人所编的故事。
(2) real真的,真正的而不是想象的,表示实际存在的意义,如实情、实况、实例、实物等,一般只作定语。
e. g. This is a true story of real life.这是一个从现实(而不是想象的)生活中取材的真实故事。 3. accept与receive区别
(1) accept和receive都可表示收取所给予、提供或送到的东西,但receive只指客观上收到,接到,accept是主观上接受,领受。
e. g. I received a present from Jack, but as I wouldn’t accept it. I returned it to the sender. 我收到了杰克送来的一份礼物,但由于我不愿接受,所以我退给了送来的那个人。 (2) accept还可用来表示主观上―吸收‖某人,―承认‖或―赞同‖某一看法或理论。 e. g. I can’t accept (=take) you as my secretary. 我不能聘任你为我的秘书。 I can’t accept (=recognize) my defeat. 我不能承认我失败了。
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He had to accept our explanation. 他只好接受了我们的解释。
The young man was accepted/ received (=admitted) into the organization. 这位男青年被吸收加入这个组织。
(3)receive可用来表示一种自然的―获得‖(=get),也可用来表示―接待‖(=welcome)和―遭受‖(=suffer)。 e. g. He received (=got) a good education. 他受到过良好的教育。
She received (=got) a doctor’s degree at the age of twenty- eight.她在二十八岁时获得博士学位。 You will receive (=got) a warm welcome when you get here.你到时会受到热烈欢迎。 He received (=welcome) his guests with a smile. 他向来宾微笑表示欢迎。
The soldier received (= suffered) a bad wound in the head.那士兵头部受伤严重。 4. if与whether区别
(1)表示―如果‖,引导条件状语从句,只能用if。
e. g. If you finish your work, you can go out. 如果你完成了工作,你可以出去。 (2)表示―是否‖
①if和whether都可引导宾语从句,可互换,常用在know, wonder, ask等一类动词之后。 e. g. I don’t know if/ whether I should tell you.我不知道我是否应该告诉你。 ②只能用whether的情况
a. 引导主语从句e. g. Whether he is coming is still a question. 他是否能来还是个问题。
b. 引导表语从句e. g.The question is whether he has enough money.问题是他是否有足够的钱。 c. 引导同位语从句e. g. The question whether he will accept our gift worries us. 他是否接受我们的礼物这个问题始终使我们忧虑不安。
d. 与or not连用e. g. I don’t know whether or not he will go. 我不知道他是否会去。
e. 在介词后面e. g. It depends on whether he can solve the problem.这取决于他是否能解决这个问题。 f. 引导不定式e. g. He can’t decide whether to meet her (or not).他决定不了是否该去见她。 g. 在句首时e. g. Whether he can borrow some money from the bank, we don’t know. 我们不知道他是否能从银行借些钱。 5. cost, take, pay, spend区别
(1) cost指花费金钱、时间、劳力等, 主语是表示事物的名词或代词,没有被动语态。作名词时表示―成本‖―价钱‖―费用‖。
e. g. How much did the radio cost you? 这台收音机花了你多少钱? What’s the cost of the car? 那辆车得花多少钱?
living costs生活费用 the cost of a book一本书的成本 (2)take主要指花费时间,主语是表示事物的名词或代词。
e. g. It took them over two years to build the bridge.修建这座桥花了他们两年多时间。
(3)spend表示花费金钱或时间,主语是表示有生命的名词或代词(一般是人), spend …on sth. , spend …(in) doing。
e. g. I spent 600 yuan on the camera. 买这只照相机,我花了600元。 (4)pay付钱,主语必须是人,其宾语可以是人,也可是物。 e. g. I haven’t paid the doctor. 我还没付医生的诊费。
He paid 400 000 yuan for the house. 他花了40万元买房子。 6. a bit与a little用法
(1)肯定句中,同义,表示―一点儿‖―一些‖。 e. g. I’m a bit/ a little hungry. 我有点饿了。
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You’d better drive a bit/ a little slowlier. 你最好开慢点。
(2)否定句中,not a bit = not at all/ not in the least ―一点也不‖, not a little= very/much/very much, ―非常‖。 e. g. I was not a bit tired after the training . 训练后我一点也不累。
· 重点句型解析 ·
1.…but I don't think I know you. 但是,我想我不认识你。 But I don't think we can go. 但是,我想我们不能去。
注意:这两句话的英语表达方式与汉语不同。汉语主句中的动词“想”用肯定式,而宾语从句中的动词用否定式。英语则相反。一般来说,在英语中,假如主句动词是 think, suppose 这类的动词,后接从句要表达否定,其否定形式应该前移到主句。
e.g. ① I don't think you are right. 我认为你不对。
② I don't suppose I shall be back until 8 o'clock. 我想八点以前我回不来。 ③ I don't think he will come. 我认为他不会来。
2 .But, just this once. After all, this ball is very important. 不过,就只这么一次。这次舞会毕竟很重要。 (1) just this once 是一个单成分句(one-member sentence),其本身是一个相对完整的语言单位,不需要增补其它的句子成分,意思是承接上文而来 —— 虽然要花一大笔钱,但是要花就花这一次吧。在第一场里也有类似的单成分句: Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in and never a moment's rest. 这个单成分句是由四个名词词组构成的。
(2) after all―毕竟‖、―终究‖、―到底‖,它有两个含意: ①“要知道??”、“别忘了??”,表示说话人对别人的态度,用来说服或提醒对方,引出听话人似乎忘记了的某个重要的论点或理由。在表示这个意思时,一般把 after all 放在句首。课文的句子就有这层含意。又如:
Why is he not allowed to stay here? After all, it's his home. 为什么不让他呆在这儿呢?(要知道)这毕竟是他的家。
It's not surprising you're tired. After all, you were up until eleven last night! 难怪你感到疲倦。别忘了,你昨天晚上 11 点才睡觉呢。 ②“虽然有前面说过的话”或“和预期的情况相反”,表示说话人意思的转折,有“虽然??,但毕竟……‖的含意。在表示这层意思时, after all 一般放在句末。例如:
Mathilde thought it was a diamond necklace, but it wasn't real one after all. 玛蒂尔德原以为那是一条钻石项链,但那终归不是真的钻石项链。
3.Pierre and I did have a very good time at the ball. 我和比尔在舞会上的确玩得很痛快。
(1)注意本句中的 Pierre and I, 一般不说 I and Pierre. 英语中习惯把别人放在前面,而把自己放在后面,以示谦逊,如 he and I, my brother and I, Mr. White and I, 而汉语通常说―我和他”、“我和弟弟”、“我和怀特先生”。例如:
Mr. White and I were invited to the ball. 我和怀特先生受到邀请参加舞会。 My brother and I worked day and night to keep the family. 我和我兄弟为了养家糊口而日夜操劳。
但在承认错误的时候,英语往往是把 I 放在其他人的前面,以示勇于认错。例如: I and Mr. White are to blame. 我和怀特先生都应当负责。
I and my brother made the mistake. 我和我兄弟犯了这个错误。
(2)Pierre and I did have a good time… 中的 did 是助动词,用在肯定句中,起强调作用,带有感情色
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彩,可译成“真的”、“的确”等词语。其后的动词要用原形。又如:
You do look nice today. 你今天看来真是漂亮。 He does speak well. 他的确会说话。 We did need help those days. 在那些日子里我们的确需要帮助。
4.Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in, and never a moment's rest. 数年辛劳,食不果腹,屈居寒舍,片刻也不得休息。
这是个单成分句,由四个名词词组组成。这种句子是一个相对完整的语言单位,不需要增补其他的成分。这句话可理解为:
We had ten years of hard work but we had little food to eat. We had only a small room to live in and we never had a moment's rest. 句中的 to live in 是动词不定式短语作定语,修饰 room. 动词不定式作定语有两种情况。
① 与所修饰的词有动宾关系(若动词不定式是不及物动词,必须加上适当的介词)。例如: I have a lot of work to do today. 他今天有许多工作要做。
He is a nice man to work with. 他是一个能与之一起好好工作的人。 ② 与所修饰的词有主谓关系,即被修饰的词是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
例如: He is always the last one to leave the office. 他总是最后一个离开办公室。
· 语法精讲 ·
1. 情态动词must, can/ could, may/ might表示推测的用法 (1)must表示―肯定‖推测,只用于肯定句。 e. g. You must be Dr. Wang. 你肯定是王医生。
(2)can表示―肯定不能‖―能……吗?‖,用于表示语气很重的推测,只用于否定句,疑问句,不用于肯定句。
e. g. You can’t be Dr. Wang. 你肯定不是王医生。 Can you be Dr. Wang? 你是王医生吗?
(3)could是can的过去式,表示―可能‖,用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中。 e. g. He said he could come. 他说他可能来。
(4)may表示―或许‖,表推测的可能性是50%,只是一个猜测, 用于肯定句、否定句中。注意may的否定形式是may not, 无mayn’t形式。
e. g. He may come or may not. 他可能来也可能不来。
(5)might是may的过去式,用于推测时,表示更没把握,可用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中。 (6)推测语气由弱到强的排列为:might— may— could— must
e. g. —Look, someone is coming. What can it be? 看,有人来了。那能是谁呢? —It may be the headmaster. 可能是校长。
—It can’t be him. He has gone to Guangzhou. 肯定不是他,他去广州了。 (7)表示推测的词后跟三种形式来表示句子的时间概念,以must为例: must be adj. /n. 表示对现在的推测(动词为状态词); must be doing表示对现在的推测(动词为行为动词); must have done表示对过去或已经完成动作的推测。
在对这些表推测的句子进行反意疑问时,要用真实情况来进行反意疑问。
e. g. He must be in the next room, isn’t he? 他肯定在隔壁房间,不是吗?(对现在的推测)
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It must have rained last night, haven’t it? 昨天夜里肯定下雨了,不是吗?(对过去的推测) He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he?
他肯定是完成作业了,不是吗?(对已经完成动作的推测)
(8)can(could) have done否定式表示对过去事情真实性表示不相信,用could have done显得语气更婉转,用于疑问句中表示惊奇和怀疑。
e. g. He can’t have gone home because I saw him on the playground just now. 他不可能回家了,因为我在操场上刚刚见过他。 He could have arrived earlier. 他本可以早一点到的。
(9)may(might) have done表示对过去的事情可能性的推测,might比may表示的可能性更小,或与实际情况相反,常有批评的意味,意为―本应该……‖
e. g. Tom is playing in the garden. He may have finished his homework. 汤姆在花园里玩,他可能已经完成了作业。
You might have told him earlier. He is angry now. 你本应该早点告诉他,现在他生气了。 2.疑问句的直接引语和间接引语 一般疑问句 特殊疑问句 直接引语 1.He asked her,―Do you need to wear any jewellery?‖ 2.She asked him,―Is the ball held every year?‖ 3.He asked,―Do you think it was stolen by a thief?‖ 4.He asked me,―Where have you been all these years?‖ 5.He askd her,―How much does a new dress cost?‖ 6.The man asked her,―What are you looking for?‖ 间接引语 1.He asked her if she needed to wear any jewellery. 2.She asked him if the ball was held every year. 3.He asked me if I thought it had been stolen by a thief. 4.He asked me where I had been all these years. 5.He asked her how much a new dress cost. 6.The man asked her what she was looking for. 将上表中直接引语和间接引语相比较后可以看到,在间接引语中: 1)没有引号,句末用句号;
2)直接引语为一般疑问句(Yes/No-questions)时,用连词if引导间接引语(例①②③); 3)直接引语为特殊疑问句(Wh-questions) 时,用原来的疑问词引导间接引语(④⑤⑥); 4)间接引语中的人称、地点及时间状语等要作相应的更动.如:④中的you改I,①中的you改she; 5)间接引语中的主语置谓语之前,为陈述语序;
6)间接引语中的时态改为相应的过去时,如一般现在时改为一般过去时(例①、②、⑤),现在完成时改过去完成时(④),现在进行时改过去进行时(⑥),一般过去时改过去完成时(③)
· 同步练习 ·
16.He got very angry______you had said.
A.because B.because of C.because what D.because of what 17.Where______for the last few months?
A.have you gone B.have you been C.did you go D.are you
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