1 Japanese McDonald’s
If you always thought of McDonald?s as an all-American company it, may surprise you to learn that the king of McDonald?s franchises is named Fujita and that he doesn?t eat hamburgers. ____1____ By ignoring many of the customs of both his native and his parent company, Fujita has made McDonald?s the top fast-food business in Japan and has changed the face of franchising. McDonald?s came to Japan in 1970 searching for a Japanese partner with whom to create a Japanese McDonald?s. Fujita was far from the richest potential candidate interviewed, but he was an eager entrepreneur who seemed willing to devote his energies to the new venture. ____2____
Almost immediately, however, Fujita began going his own way. The parent company recommended opening the first Japanese McDonald?s in the suburbs, where most American fast-food stores are located. Fujita had his own ideas. ____3____ He got his way, opened the first Japanese McDonald?s in a department store in Tokyo, didn?t spend anything on advertising. ____4____
McDonald?s learned its lesson from Fujita and has since opened inner-city restaurant around the world. ____5____ While the Japanese seem fascinated with western styles and tastes, they often don?t think of themselves as consumers of American products. So Fujita?s McDonald?s franchises play down their American origins, to the point where, according to Fujita, some Japanese who visit the United States are surprised to find that we have ?Makudonarudo?, as the Japanese say it, in America too.
A. In fact, Fujita is unusual in many respects, and his uniqueness has made him very rich. B. McDonald?s took a chance and chose him.
C. Fujita and McDonald?s continue to benefit from each other.
D. Other companies might learn from the way Fujita marketed McDonald?s in Japan. E. Fujita likes to take credit for a rise in the average weight of his people.
F. And within a year he had broken McDonald?s world record for one-day sales: $14,000.
G. He thought the young pedestrians of Japan?s cities were more likely to give up Japan fish-and –rice diet for a hamburger than were the more traditional suburban dwellers. H. But Fujita himself prefers noodles to Big Macs.
I. And the Tokyo McDonald?s that once caused an argument is now one of 500 that Fujita owns in Japan.
2 Banks and Banking : Other Bank Services
A modern bank provides many services other than checking accounts. ____1____
If you went to a bank to open a savings account, you would go through almost the same procedures followed in applying for a checking account. ____2____ Then you would be given a passbook in which your initial deposit would be recorded. All deposits and withdrawals from your account are entered into your passbook. ____3____ With a regular passbook savings account, you would be able to withdraw money wherever you needed it. All you would have to do is fill out a withdrawal order and present it, along with your passbook to the teller.
All banks pay interest on savings accounts. ____4____ Banks also pay interest at different
times. ____5____ Suppose, for example, that on January 1, you deposited $ 1,000 in a bank that paid 4 1/2 percent interest semiannually. By July 1,you would have earned $ 22.50 interest. This interest would automatically be credited to your account; and of you left it in the bank, along with your original deposit, you would receive interest on $ 1,022.50 for the next six-month period. That is, your interest would be compounded.
A. But the majority of them pay semiannually, that is, every six months.
B. The interest rate varies from bank to bank, but the general range is from 4 1/2 to 6 percent. C. This means that passbook contains an actual record of all transactions made and that you
know the exact amount of savings you have at any one time. D. One of these is checking accounts.
E. First you would be asked to fill out a signature card. F. But most banks pay interest at the end of a year.
G. One of the most important of these is regular passbook savings.
H. One can withdraw money whenever necessary.
3 Questions 8-12
? Read this letter to the editor of The Economist.
? Choose the best sentence from the list A-I to fill each of the blanks. ? For each bland (8-12) mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet. ? Do not mar4 any letter twice.
? One answer has been given as an example. Sir,
You state on February 13 th that New Mexico has “few natural resources”, ____ example____ In 1991 New Mexico ranked fourth in the United States in production of natural gas, seventh in oil and tenth in non-fuel minerals ____8____ Non-fuel minerals contributed about $ 1 billion and coal $ 509 million.
Taxes from production of fuels and minerals, and lease payments on state lands have been set aside by legislative acts to endow two permanent funds worth about $ 5.65 billion, ____9____ In addition, during fiscal year 1991 , payments to New Mexico from taxes on federal lands were S 108 million, all earmarked for public education.
____10____ About $566 million came from taxes and permanent-fund earnings attributable to oil and gas production. ____11____ Tourism is an important industry in Mew Mexico, yet its economic impact on the public sector is dwarfed by that of mineral production.
New Mexico came through the recent recession in much better shape than most other states. It does not have a deficit. ____12____ States that rely primarily on a sales tax or on an income tax have big problems during economic downturns. Income growth per head in New Mexico averaged 6.1/00 in the year to October 1992-one if the fastest growth rates in the United States.
Charles Chapin
Example: C
A. That it has a broadly based tax structure is an important point. B. In 1992 it produced more oil than Colorado and Kansas combined.
C. However, the extractive mineral industry in New Mexico is one of the state?s strongest
economic forces.
D. During fiscal year 1992 New Mexico raised permanent funds worth about $6.1 billion. E. The combined value of oil and gas production was $ 2.8 billion.
F. Some 16,000 employees work in the extractive industries and their wages are among the
highest of any major industry.
G. The $39 million earned by these funds in 1991 was used to finance education and other
public services.
H. Only S 25 million came from agricultural taxes.
I. New Mexico?s extractive mineral industries contribute about a third of the state?s $ 1.9 billion
general-fund income in fiscal year 1991.
4 The Cash-free Society
Imagine a society in which cash no longer exists, Instead, “ cash ” is electronic, as in bank-card Systems. Currency and coin are abandoned.
____ example ____ . Theft of cash would become impossible. Bank robberies and cash-register robberies would simply cease to occur ____ ( 8 ) ____ . Purse snatchings would become a thing of the past. Urban streets would become safer ____ ( 9 ) ____ . Security costs and insurance rates would fall. Property values would rise. Neighbourhoods would improve.
Drug traffickers and their clients, burglars and receives of stolen property, arsonists for hire, and bribe-takers would no longer have the advantage of using untraceable currency. ____ ( 10 ) ____ These prosecutions, in turn, would inhibit further crimes.
In a society devoid of physical money, a change from cash to recorded electronic money would be accompanied by a flow of previously unpaid income-tax revenues running in the tens of billions of dollars. ____ (11) ____
Cash has been the root of much social and economic evil. ____ (12)____ Eighty percent of Americans regularly use credit cards. The development of a federal system to handle the country?s 300 billion annual cash transactions in the United States electronically is within reach.
Example: H.
A. A national electronic-money system would operate as a debit-card system. B. Retail shops in once dangerous areas could operate in safety.
C. As a result, income tax rates could be lowered or the national debt reduced.
D. The use of cash has diminished substantially since World War II. E. Attacks on shopkeepers, taxi drivers, and cashiers would all end.
F. The emergence of electronic funds-transfer technology makes it possible to change the nature
of money and to divorce it from evil.
G. Almost every present-day cash transaction can be duplicated electronically. H. The immediate benefits would be profound and fundamental.
I. Electronic “money” would leave incriminating trails of data, resulting in more arrests and
convictions.
5 Banks and Banking : Other Bank Services
A modern bank provides many services other than checking accounts. ____1____
If you went to a bank to open a savings account, you would go through almost the same procedures followed in applying for a checking account. ____2____ Then you would be given a passbook in which your initial deposit would be recorded. All deposits and withdrawals from your account are entered into your passbook. ____3____ With a regular passbook savings account, you would be able to withdraw money wherever you needed it. All you would have to do is fill out a withdrawal order and present it, along with your passbook to the teller.
All banks pay interest on savings accounts. ____4____ Banks also pay interest at different times. ____5____ Suppose, for example, that on January 1, you deposited $ 1,000 in a bank that paid 4 1/2 percent interest semiannually. By July 1,you would have earned $ 22.50 interest. This interest would automatically be credited to your account; and of you left it in the bank, along with your original deposit, you would receive interest on $ 1,022.50 for the next six-month period. That is, your interest would be compounded.
A. But the majority of them pay semiannually, that is, every six months.
B. The interest rate varies from bank to bank, but the general range is from 4 1/2 to 6 percent.
C. This means that passbook contains an actual record of all transactions made and that you know the exact amount of savings you have at any one time. D. One of these is checking accounts.
E. First you would be asked to fill out a signature card. F. But most banks pay interest at the end of a year.
G. One of the most important of these is regular passbook savings. H. One can withdraw money whenever necessary.
6 Read the text below about the management of documents.
? Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps. ? For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet. ? Do not use any letter more than once.
? How do you improve white collar productivity? ? For many years, technological development was thought to be the key to improving productivity in the office. In the 1980s cheap small computers first appeared on desktops. (example)________ ? The power of personal computers has increased dramatically, and the uses of software have expanded too. Companies both large and small have spent large sums of money on improving office computer facilities.(8) ________.It seems that business has failed to apply the developments in technology to greater effect, to increase the amount of time which office workers have available for non-routine tasks. To do this, we need to understand how information is processed in business ventures. ? Typically, information is first gathered, then processed, and finally produced in its changed form as output.(9) ________. Increasingly complex programs have been invented, to feed ever more powerful processing systems. ? But what about output? A recent study by an American management institute shows that the processing of documents takes up 60% of office workers? time, 40% of labour costs and up to 10% of business income.(10) ________. In fact, the international companies studied for the research show that this breakdown is true world-wide, wherever the company operates. ? Taking these findings into account, the management of documents has become extremely important. Documents support nearly all business transactions. They are increasingly the way to communicate with customers, suppliers and employees. It is therefore upon document output and distribution that we should focus. (11) ________ ? Unfortunately, technological developments in equipment for document management seem more impressive than they really are.(12) ________ New technological solutions are needed to tackle the problem, to help drive businesses forward to improve their productivity and output. ? Only now are we beginning to study business objectives and to structure technology to suit them. Our company is attempting to understand how people use technology and how it can \\ A. These new methods of handling paperwork have already greatly improved efficiency. B. This would be a key way of improving white collar productivity. C. It will help them to make better use of all office employees.
D. However, this enormous investment has not improved productivity as expected. E. Laser printers have many limitations, and photocopiers have few applications. F. Most technology has concentrated its attention on the first two of these stages.
G. These figures are hardly surprising since documents convey nine-tenths of all information. H. Nevertheless, it is an important way to improve business processes and workflow. I. Since then, these machines have caused a revolution in the way we work in the office. ?
7 ELECTRICITY: WEALTH, MONEY, POWER
Canadian industries have prospered for more than a century on the country?s abundance of cheap, reliable electrical power. ____ example ____. In fact, Canada consumes more electricity on a per person basis than any country except for Norway ____ 8 ____
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