研究生英语精读教程(第三版-上)--参考答案及课文详解

Unit one

你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观 ——你就可以改变自己的生活

卡勒普-撒弗兰

[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。

[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”

[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主

义者则多销了20％。

[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。

[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。

[ 7 ] 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血¨。当他们的第、二个电话末能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。”乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另种方法。” [ 8 ] 无论是消极还是积极，都是一种自我实现的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [ 9 ] 据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观主义者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者刚感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法．他便不去寻求指点． [10 ] 乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己——有时正是这点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时

间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。

[11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疚病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人部是班上的好学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病 一高血压、糖尿病、心脏病一 的人数要比乐观者多。

[ 12 ] 许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，不会避开生活中的打击，无沦做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [ 13 ] 在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种所谓早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，积极的或消极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩了感到无能、恐惧，以及悲观。 [ 14 ] 随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [ 15 ] 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的

解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——他们的学习成绩也随之提高了。

[16 ] 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一作法有一定的效果。现在正计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。

[17] 因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：

[18]一、当坏事发生时，仔细留意自己的想法，把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。

[19] 二、然后，来做一个试验。做一件同任何消极反应相反的事。比如说，你工作中山了问题。你是这么想的吗：我讨厌我的工作，可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了?这时你应该采取行动，就像完全不是这么回事一样：向外发寄个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路。

[20]三、继续关注事情的发展。你最初的想法是对还是错?霍朗说：“如果你的想法使你裹足不前，那就改变这些想法。这是一种试错法，不能确保成功，但应给你自己一个机会。”

[21]积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应。如证据所表明的，你对世界抱有什么样的希望，你就很可能得到什么样的结果。

4] They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. 划线部分为主谓倒装句，是比较句型常见形式。

本句译文：他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推37％的保险额。参见课文第五段第二句。

[5] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism.

Impressed在此为过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语为the company。 本句译文：公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。

[7] When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, \this.\

从句中they指代主句主语pessimists，划线部分意为：“When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood.”

本句译文：当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。”

[10] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive.

划线部分意为：“overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are”。

本句译文：乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己－－有时正是这一点使他们充满活力。

[13] It is a pattern of thinking learned \your mother's knee\，says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones.

at one’s mother’s knee 意为“在母亲膝下”，在此指孩提时代。grow out of 有“产生于”的意思。划线部分为cautions or encouragements 的同位语。

本句译文：塞利格曼说，这是一种早在所谓“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，积极或消极的话语。 [18] Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored.

动词censor本意为“检查并删减”，uncensored即“无删减的”；unedited和uncensored在此均为过去分词，作the first thing的非限定性定语。 本句译文：把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。 Ⅰ. Comprehension

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. D Ⅱ. Vocabulary A.

1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. C B.

11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15.B 16. D Ⅲ. Cloze

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. D

7. C 8. A 17. A 18. B 19. C 20.C

9. D 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. B Ⅳ. Translation (English to Chinese)

有没有一种 “成功性格 ”，即几乎必然使人取得成就的某些性格特征的结合？如果有的话，这一成功的秘诀究竟是什么？并且，这种性格是否能培养出来？

在盖洛普公司中，我们最近集中深入研究了成功现象，探查了1500名杰出人物的态度和性格特征。他们是从《美国名人录》中随机抽取的。被收入《名人录》的主要标准不是财富或社会地位，而是一个人当前在某个领域中的成就。我们的研究确认了一些在成就最显著的人身上总是出现的性格特征，其中最重要的五点是：由生活经验得出的判断力、专业知识、自力更生的精神、总的智力水平以及把事情完成的能力。如果你培养这些性格特征，你就很可能会成功。而且，你甚至可能会发现自己的名字有一天也被收进《名人录》。 Ⅴ. Translation (Chinese to English) 1.

1) What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours. 2) You can't justify what you did with what you told him. 3) What you did cannot be justified by what you said to him. 2.

1) Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?

2) Do you think they would not persecute him religiously on account of

his connection with the Bishop?

3) Do you think he could enjoy immunity from religious persecution because he is a friend of the Bishop? 3.

1) Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.

2) Whether you will have the bad dream again depends on how you respond to the advice of the psychiatrist.

3) Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist. 4.

1) The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.

2) The optimists' positive attitude towards disappointments and failures is the recipe for their success.

3) Optimists react to disappointments and failures positively, which is the secret to their success. 5.

1) The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.

2) Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.

3) How one looks at oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, which is part of the reason why a pessimist usually fails. 6.

1) In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior.

2) Before young children have a chance to develop their personality, they do not act consistently as most grown-ups. If a child changes his behavior, it may indicate that his interest has changed because of the changed features of his activity. He is always interested in what he is doing at the time. A person with a forceful personality and intense interest is able to pursue to the end what he is doing. Only dramatic changes in the environment can alter the direction and purpose of his behavior. 3) Unlike most adults, young children do not behave consistently before their personality traits are fully developed. A child's behavior change may show his changed interest brought about by a different kind of activity. He always concentrates on the activity in which he is engaged. A man of strong character and interest is able to carry to the end whatever

he is doing. The direction and purpose of his behavior will not alter unless some drastic situational change takes place. Supplementary Reading Ⅰ.

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. D Ⅱ.

1. 如果这些想法意味着黑暗和毁灭，那你就会走进黑暗和被毁灭，因为贬低的话语会摧毁你的信心，而不会鼓励你、支持你。 2. 苏的理疗医生在初诊时告诉她，草草记录下她的思想活动，特别是夜里她不能入睡时的思想情况。

3. 温森特和他的父亲感情很好，但父亲很溺爱他，灌输他满脑子的烦心事。

4. 如果你害怕坐飞机，那么在飞机起飞或降落时，你就聚精会神地观看机场附近的灯光和道路吧。

5. 应该养成一个习惯：即记住自己最美好的时刻，也就是记住你想做的那种人。 Unit two 癌症和化学物质 —— 我们走得太远了吗?

玛拉·孔恩

[ 1 ] 去年，加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学

代谓语动词及其表语tested positive。

本句译义：使他惊异的是，像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样，许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性。

[11] In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Ames—both natural and man-made—turned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.

划线部分可看作省略的状语从句，完整从句 \rats and mice”。

本句译文：实际上，爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物，当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时，无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用。 [12] His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous.

划线部分为had been的表语，形容词common和naive均修饰assumption。

本句译文：他的错误在于他像很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的。

[12] \

划线部分为省略句，完整句为 “Why do we assume nature is benign?”。 本句译文：他现在要问：“为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?” [15] Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not.

划线部分为非限定性定语从句，which的先行词为a stooge for the

chemical industry。

本句译文：有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人。情况却并非如此。 Ⅰ. Comprehension

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. A 11. C Ⅱ. Vocabulary A.

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. C B.

11. C 12.A 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. B 17.B 18. A 19. C 20. A Ⅲ. Cloze

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. A

8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. D Ⅳ. Translation (English to Chinese)

不论是在青年时夭折还是在老年时死去，都没有是否虚度了年华来得重要。一个人可能在 18年中比另一个在 80年中活得更有意义。对于生活，我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他人想像为有价值的经验，而是应该过好每天的时光，就好像它是唯一的一天。我们的意思是要寻找平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦，同时坚持不懈地努力去发现能更加增添并维持生活乐趣和喜悦的方法。 Ⅴ. Translation (Chinese to English)

1.

The politician was armed with many facts and figures. The politician cited numerous facts and figures as his weapon.

Innumerable facts and figures are used by the politician as ammunition. 2.

It struck me that we had really learnt a great deal there. I think we did learn much there.

I feel we have indeed learned quite a lot there. 3.

The conditions of workers now, as compared with what they were ten years ago, have been greatly improved.

Compared with 10 years ago, the conditions of the workers have improved much in every aspect.

The workers are enjoying much better conditions nowadays than they did 10 years ago. 4.

According to the law of the People's Republic, parents are obligated to send their children to school.

Parents have a legal obligation to send their children to school under the law of the People's Republic.

The laws of the People's Republic stipulate that parents send their children to school.

5.

He erred in making his decision before he confirmed the facts. He erred in that he did not check the facts before he made the decision. His mistake lies in his making the decision without confirming the facts. 6.

① Scientific research continues to open up previously undreamed of possibilities. Fifty years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers and holography. Today, a host of newly-emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for technologists. Like it or not, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth. 6.

② Scientific research continues to bring about new possibilities which were unimaginable before. Few could have dreamed of such things as computers, lasers, and holography 50 years ago. Nowadays, with the emergence of new technologies including artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, new paths are opened up for technologists. No matter one likes it or not, the advancing technology has enabled us to be the masters on Planet Earth.

Supplementary Reading

1. T 2. F

3. Because in the report the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. 4. F 5. T

6. Because the findings of the study were so unlikely that they expected the results to be negative. 7. F 8. T 9. T Unit3 鼠与人

——“不能解决”的问题 S. I. 早川

[ 1 ] 密执安大学的N·R·F·麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以以诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个。如果鼠向右跳，右门是碰不开的，那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进了网里；如果鼠向左跳，左门就会打开，鼠就会找到一碟食物。等鼠已很熟悉这一反应时，就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后，这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳，而要向右跳了。(实验者也可采用其他变化形式，比如用不同的方式标记两个门。) 如果鼠弄不懂新规则，它每次跳时都不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻了。最终它就会放弃，拒绝再跳。到这步，麦耶博士说，“许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再作选择。” [ 2 ] 第二步，对鼠施以强大气流或电击，赶它，强迫它做出选择。“处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物”，麦耶博士说，“最后

爱因斯坦这么早就已经在深刻地思考光的特性、相对论和分子运动的问题了。 Ⅰ. Comprehension 1. T

2. It looked down on her background and had disdain for her. The parents were bitterly opposed to Einstein marrying Maric. She was shocked at first, then she switched to a desperate offensive.

3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F 9.F 10.T 11. They think Maric was a dull woman. 12. F 13. F 14. F 15. T Ⅱ. Vocabulary A.

1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. B B.

11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. D 6. C 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. A Ⅲ. Cloze

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. D Ⅳ. Translation (English to Chinese)

马斯洛把自我实现的需要定义为 “要求成为一个比现状更好的人，一个实现自己有能力去达到一切的人 ”，在这种

水平上生活的人，通常认为工作就是要做的某种事情。其目的就是要使自己成为一个实现个人人生观的完整的人。这是一种比得到受人尊敬的更高水平的需要，因为所涉及的人已感到他或他的工作是有价值的，并受到尊敬的。这种人觉得他们的工作本身是有趣并使他满意的。能达到自我实现的需要起支配作用的阶段的人是很少的。一种普遍看法是只有史怀泽或爱因斯坦到达了这个阶段，但是马斯洛感到，每个人都能在一定程度上感到这种需要。

Ⅴ. Translation (Chinese to English) 1.

1) These young technicians have all the qualifications we can hope for.

2) These young technicians meet all the requirements set out for them.

3) 3) These young technicians possess all the skills we can ask for. 2.

1) I was more frightened than hurt.

2) I wasn't injured, but was terribly frightened. 3) I didn't get hurt, but was scared to death. 3.

1) They wondered what had become of the girl.

2) They wondered what had happened to the girl. 3) They wanted to know the fate of the girl. 4.

1) Farmers in that area like to intersperse peach trees among willows.

2) Farmers in that area prefer to interplant peach trees among willows. 5.

1) I have a vehement hatred of people who are cruel to animals. 2) I resent those who treat animals badly. 3) I hate bitterly those who abuse animals.

6.Even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. In addition, pure knowledge is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Supplementary Reading 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. A

Ⅵ. Writing

Li Siguang, an Outstanding Scientist

Li Siguang was born in Hubei in 1889. When he was a young man, he went to Japan to study. After his return to China, he taught in universities and did geological research. As a patriotic intellectual, he loved his country and his people. He refused to work for the Kuomintang. In 1947 he went to Britain to escape persecution by the Kuomintang reactionaries. After liberation, he came back to his motherland to take part in the building of socialism. In 1985, he became a member of the Chinese Communist Party.

Integrating theory with practice, Li Siguang applied dialectics in his research work, and set up a new branch of science - geomechanics. He was the first man to declare to the world that China is rich in oil. Li made great contributions to our geological studies and to our oil industry. Armed with Li's theory, Chinese geological workers have since found many big oilfields like Daqing, Shengli and Dagang.

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